1. Interest Grabber Are All Cells Alike?
Section 7-1
Are All Cells Alike?
All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells.
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?

2. Section Outline 7–1 Life Is Cellular A. The Discovery of the Cell
1. Early Microscopes
2. The Cell Theory
B. Exploring the Cell
C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryotes

3. Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. (Schleiden and Schwann)
New cells are produced from existing cells. (Virchow)

4. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Section 7-1
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Prokaryotic Cell
Nucleus
Eukaryotic Cell
Organelles

5. Single circular chromosome Multiple linear chromosomes
Small ribosomes Large ribosomes

6. Interest Grabber Division of Labor
Section 7-2
Division of Labor
A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a computer work together to carry out different functions.
Working with a partner, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts?
2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?

7. Leuwoenhoek – First simple microscope
Robt. Hooke- First to coin the word “cell.”

9. Section Outline 7–2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
A. Comparing the Cell to a Factory
B. Nucleus
C. Ribosomes
D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
E. Golgi Apparatus
F. Lysosomes
G. Vacuoles
H. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
1. Mitochondria
2. Chloroplasts
3. Organelle DNA
I. Cytoskeleton
Cell Structure Active Art

10. Cell Membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Section 7-3
Cell Membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Phospholipid Bilayer

11. Control center of the cell – stores genetic information on chromosomes
Nucleus
Control center of the cell – stores genetic information on chromosomes
Nucleolus
Has information to make ribosomes
Cell Alive Link

12. Ribosomes synthesize proteins

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum serves as highways to help transport things throughout the cell.
The ER is where lipids are made. The Rough ER makes proteins. Proteins and other molecules are exported in transport vesicles.
ER important in homeostasis

15. The Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER
The Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER. It modifies, sorts, packages and sends out material to other destinations inside and outside of the cell.

16. The Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER
The Golgi apparatus receives transport vesicles from the ER. It modifies and sends out material to other destinations.

17. 1. Where do protein products begin their pathway through the cell?
in the rough ER

18. 2. How does the Golgi apparatus function in this pathway?
It receives vesicles from the ER and repackages their contents into other vesicles, lysosomes, or vacuoles.

19. The formation and functions of lysosomes
Lysosomes contain enzymes
Recycles old parts

20. Lysosomes contain enzymes made by the rough ER and provide a space where the cell can digest macromolecules safely. These enzymes can also be used to breakdown and recycle old organelles.

21. Vacuoles store material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
In plants the pressure within the large central vacuole helps to provide support for the plant cell. Turgor Pressure.

22. Excess water pumped out
Animation

23. Figure 7.14 The contractile vacuole of Paramecium: an evolutionary adaptation for osmoregulation
Filling vacuole
50 µm
A contractile vacuole fills with fluid that enters from a system of canals
radiating throughout the cytoplasm.
Contracting vacuole
When full, the vacuole and canals contract, expelling fluid from the cell.
(a)
(b)
Contractile Vacuole Video

24. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the main energy converters of the cell.

25. Mitochondria are responsible for aerobic respiration and release the energy stored in food in the form of ATP.

26. Chloroplasts uses photosynthesis to convert radiant energy from the sun into chemical energy (sugar) the plant can use

27. The main differences of plant cells:
Plants have a single, large central vacuole.
They have a cell wall made of cellulose – used for support and rigidity.
They have chloroplasts
No centrioles.

28. The cytoskeleton composed of microtubules and microfilaments
Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton
Section 7-2
The cytoskeleton composed of microtubules and microfilaments
Used to maintain the cell shape and for movement
Cell membrane
Endoplasmic
reticulum
Microtubule
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Mitochondrion

29. Centrioles help to organize the chromosomes during cell division.
Not found in plant cells.

30. Venn Diagrams Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Animal Cells Plant Cells
Section 7-2
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell membrane
Contain DNA
Animal Cells
Plant Cells
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell Wall
Chloroplasts
Large Central Vacuole
Centrioles

31. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Nuclear
envelope
Ribosome
(attached)
(free)
Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleolus
Golgi apparatus
Mitochondrion
Cell wall
Cell
Membrane
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Plant Cell

32. Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells
Section 7-2
Centrioles
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Nuclear
envelope
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Smooth
Mitochondrion
Cell
Membrane
Ribosome
(free)
(attached)
Animal Cell

33. Membrane proteins can function as
channels,
markers,
receptors
Hydrophobic tail
Hydrophobic portion of protein stuck in middle of membrane
Phospholipid Bilayer

34. Phospholipid Bilayer
Phospho-
The Cytoskeleton made of protein filaments that help the cell to maintain shape and will also help with cell movement.

36. Do Lab simulation Go to this site:
Do the lab simulation on cell, all four concepts on left blue panel- take self quiz– screen shot the last page and submit to Moodle.

37. Interest Grabber In or Out?
Section 7-3
In or Out?
How is a window screen similar to a cell membrane? Read on to find out.
1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen?
2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen?
3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell?

38. Section Outline 7–3 Cell Boundaries A. Cell Membrane B. Cell Walls
C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries
1. Measuring Concentration
2. Diffusion
D. Osmosis
1. How Osmosis Works
2. Osmotic Pressure
E. Facilitated Diffusion
F. Active Transport
1. Molecular Transport
2. Endocytosis and Exocytosis

39. Diffusion-
the random movement of molecules from high concentration to low

40. Diffusion animation
Diffusion

41. Would a higher temperature cause diffusion to occur faster or slower?

43. Hydrophillic Head
Hydrophobic Tail

44. Cell Membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane
Section 7-3
Cell Membrane controls what goes in and out of the cell
Outside
of cell
Inside
(cytoplasm)
Cell
membrane
Proteins
Protein
channel
Lipid bilayer
Carbohydrate
chains
Phospholipid Bilayer

48. Osmosis Animation Figure 7-15 Osmosis Higher Osmotic Pressure Osmosis
Section 7-3
Higher Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis Animation
Osmosis

49. Figure 7.13 The water balance of living cells
Hypotonic solution
Isotonic solution
Hypertonic solution
Animal cell. An
animal cell fares best
in an isotonic environ-
ment unless it has
special adaptations to
offset the osmotic
uptake or loss of
water.
Plant cell. Plant cells
are turgid (firm) and
generally healthiest in
a hypotonic environ-
ment, where the
uptake of water is
eventually balanced
by the elastic wall
pushing back on the
cell.
(a)
(b)
H2O
Lysed
Normal
Shriveled
Turgid (normal)
Flaccid
Plasmolyzed
Osmosis Animation
Turgid Leaf
Plasmolysis video

50. A salt solution is added to the elodea cells- label as many cell parts as you can, including empty space
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
NaCl
Why did the cell shrivel up?
What organelle disappeared?
Plasmolysis video

51. Turgid Leaf animation
Empty Space

52. Analyzing Data

54. Facilitated Diffusion
Section 7-3
Glucose
molecules
High
Concentration
Cell
Membrane
Protein
channel
Low
Concentration

55. Passive Transport Animation

57. Figure 7-19 Active Transport
Section 7-3
Molecule to
be carried
Molecule
being carried
Energy
Active Transport Video

58. Active transport animation

59. Figure 7.18 An electrogenic pump
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID H+
Proton pump
ATP
CYTOPLASM + –
 Figure 7.18 An electrogenic pump

60. Figure 7.19 Cotransport: active transport driven by a concentration gradient
Proton pump
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
Diffusion
of H+
Sucrose
ATP H+ + – – +

61. Do Lab simulation Go to this site:
Do the lab simulation on Membrane Structure and Transport, then take the practice test – print out the test to turn in.

62. Exploring Endocytosis in Animal Cells
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID
In phagocytosis, a cell
engulfs a particle by
wrapping pseudopodia
around it and packaging
it within a membrane-
enclosed sac large
enough to be classified
as a vacuole. The
particle is digested after
the vacuole fuses with a
lysosome containing
hydrolytic enzymes.
Pseudopodium
CYTOPLASM
“Food” or
other particle
Food
vacuole
1 µm
of amoeba
Bacterium
Food vacuole
An amoeba engulfing a bacterium via
phagocytosis (TEM).
PHAGOCYTOSIS
PINOCYTOSIS
Pinocytosis vesicles
forming (arrows) in
a cell lining a small
blood vessel (TEM).
0.5 µm
In pinocytosis, the cell
“gulps” droplets of
extracellular fluid into tiny
vesicles. It is not the fluid
itself that is needed by the
cell, but the molecules
dissolved in the droplet.
Because any and all
included solutes are taken
into the cell, pinocytosis is nonspecific in the substances it transports.
Plasma
membrane
Vesicle
Video

63. video

64. From Simple to More Complex
Interest Grabber
Section 7-4
From Simple to More Complex
Many multicellular organisms have structures called organs that have a
specific function and work with other organs. Working together, these organs carry out the life processes of the entire organism.

65. Interest Grabber continued
Section 7-4
1. Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a team of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work together in order to complete a task?
2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team?
3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team?

66. Section Outline 7–4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
A. Unicellular Organisms
B. Multicellular Organisms
1. Specialized Animal Cells
2. Specialized Plant Cells
C. Levels of Organization
1. Tissues
2. Organs
3. Organ Systems

67. Unicellular Organisms
To maintain homeostasis, unicellular organisms grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce

68. The Universal Tree of Life
Bacteria
Eukarya
Archaea
The tree of life
Is divided into three great clades called domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
The early history of these domains is not yet clear
4 Symbiosis of chloroplast ancestor with ancestor of green plants 1
3 Symbiosis of mitochondrial ancestor with ancestor of eukaryotes 4
Billion years ago 3 2
2 Possible fusion of bacterium and archaean, yielding ancestor of eukaryotic cells 2 3
1 Last common ancestor of all living things 1
Origin of life 4
Figure 25.18

69. Eubacterial
Most numerous organisms on earth
Earliest life forms (fossils date 3.5 billion years old)
Microscopic prokaryotes (no nucleus nor membrane-bound organelles)
Have only one circular chromosome
Have small rings of DNA called plasmids
Most are unicellular
Found in most habitats
Main decomposers of dead
organisms so recycle nutrients
Some cause disease 

70. Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
  Found in extreme environments (undersea volcanic vents, acidic hot springs, salty water)
Has different RNA polymerase and ribosomes (rRNA)
– similar to eukaryotic cells
Gave rise to eukaryotic cells
Used to be lumped with eubacteria to form the Kingdom Monera

71. The protists of Kindom Protista are the simplest eukaryotes, yet they represent the most diverse group. Most are unicellular, some are colonial, and other are simple multicellular organisms closely related to single protist cells. One group of protists, the algae, are autotrophic photosynthesizers, while the rest eat bacterial or other protistan cells, or small organic particles suspended or dissolved in water.
As with all eukaryotic cells, protists contain membrane-bound nuclei and endomembrane systems, as well as numerous organelles
amoeba

72. Cells of multicellular organisms become specialized and communicate with one another to maintain homeostasis.

73. Levels of Organization
Section 7-4
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle tissue
Stomach
Digestive system
organ
Organ system

74. Life can be organized into a hierarchy of structural levels.
At each successive level additional emergent properties appear.
Fig. 2.1
Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

75. Click a hyperlink to choose a video. Diffusion Osmosis
Videos
Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
Diffusion
Osmosis
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Video Contents

76. Click the image to play the video segment.
Diffusion
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 1

77. Click the image to play the video segment.
Osmosis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 2

78. Click the image to play the video segment.
Passive Transport
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 3

79. Click the image to play the video segment.
Active Transport
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 4

80. Click the image to play the video segment.
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Click the image to play the video segment.
Video 5

81. Go Online The latest discoveries in cell study Cell structure activity
Career links on histotechnologists
Interactive test
Articles on cells
For links on cell theory, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3071.
For links on cell membranes, go to and enter the Web Code as follows: cbn-3073.
Internet

82. Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?
A one-celled organism has simpler needs and can respond immediately to its environment because its entire cell is immersed in its environment.
2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?
In a multicellular organism, different jobs are divided among different groups of cells that work together. Also, a multicellular organism can continue to survive even if it loses some of its cells.
Section 1 Answers

83. Interest Grabber Answers
Working with a partner, answer the following questions.
1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer parts?
Answers may include: monitor (interfaces with the computer’s environment), software (instructions for how to carry out different jobs), CPU (directs the computer's activities), recycle bin or trash can (storage area for wastes), and so on.
2. How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?
Students should try to link the functions they described in question 1 to the functions of the different cell structures. The cell needs a way to interface with its environment (cell membrane), instructions for carrying out different jobs (DNA), and a CPU to direct the cell’s activities (nucleus).
Section 2 Answers

84. Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are some things that can pass through a window screen?
Answers may include air, fine dust, and rainwater.
2. What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen?
Insects, leaves, and other matter that may fall from trees. The screen keeps out annoying insects and objects that may bring dirt into the home.
3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell?
Materials such as oxygen and food that are needed by the cell have to be able to get inside the cell. At the same time, excess materials have to leave the cell.
Section 3 Answers

85. Interest Grabber Answers
1. Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a team of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work together in order to complete a task?
Answers might include building a human pyramid or constructing an arch out of blocks.
2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team?
Divide up jobs and cooperate well with one another.
3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team?
The functions of the organism are divided up among its parts (organs and organ systems). All the parts cooperate to carry out all the functions of the whole organism.
Section 4 Answers

86. This slide is intentionally blank.
End of Custom Shows