1. UNIT II: POPULATION WHERE IN THE WORLD DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY?
WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE OR FALL IN PARTICULAR PLACES?
WHY DOES POPULATON COMPOSITION MATTER?
HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS?
HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?

2. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
2.1 RATE NEEDED TO KEEP NATION AT OR ABOVE REPLACEMENT LEVEL WITHOUT IMMIGRATION
DECLINING

3. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE

4. WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE AND WHY?
POPULATION – ACROSS SPACE
DEMOGRAPHY
POP. DENSITY – MEAUSRE OF TOTAL POPULATION RELATIVE TO LANDSIZE
*ARITHMETIC POP. DENSITY
*EVEN DISTRIBUTION OVER LAND

5. MAPS, POP. DENSITY

6. WORLD POPULATION DENSITY

7. EXAMPLES USA, 81 PSM BANGLADESH, 2738 PSM EGYPT, 203, PSM
SEE CIA WORLD FACTBOOK

8. POPULATION DENSITY PHYSIOLOGICAL – POP. PER AREA OF ARABLE LAND
*EX. EGYPT, 6776 PSM
POP. DISTRIBUTIONS – LOCATION WHERE PEOPLE LIVE
NOT EVEN DISTRIBUTION BY CONTINENT OR NATION

9. GLOBAL SCALE, POP. DENSITY
DOT MAPS, P. 42, 43
POP. CLUSTERS
1. EAST ASIA
2. SOUTH ASIA
3. EUROPE
4. NORTH AMERICA
WHERE? MAJOR CITIES, RIVER VALLEYS, COAST
#’S 1, 2, 3, OVER 4 BILLION PEOPLE

10. EAST ASIA AND SOUTH ASIA

11. EUROPE

12. NORTH AMERICA

13. NORTH AMERICA URBAN (CITY) AREA, E. COAST
WASHINGTON D.C. TO BOSTON, MASS.
MEGALOPOLIS, URBAN AGGLOMERATION
CENSUS, POP. COUNT, EVERY 10 YRS

14. WHY DO POPULATIONS RISE AND FALL IN DIFFERENT PLACES?
THOMAS MALTHUS, AN ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION, 1798
POPULATION INCREASING FASTER THAN FOOD SUPPLY
WHAT HAPPENS IN ONE SCALE AFFECTS ANTOHER AT SAME TIME
WORLD, REGIONAL, NATIONAL, LOCAL

15. THOMAS MALTHUS

16. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL
THE SHIFT IN POPULATION GROWTH
The Demographic transition (DT) used to represent the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system. The theory is based on an interpretation of demographic history developed in 1929 by the American demographer Warren Thompson. Thompson observed changes, or transitions, in birth and death rates in industrialized societies over the previous 200 years.

17. DTM, 5 STAGES
STAGE 1 - In stage one, pre-industrial society, death rates and birth rates are high and roughly in balance.

18. DTM
STAGE 2 - That of a developing country, the death rates drop rapidly due to improvements in food supply and sanitation, which increase life spans and reduce disease. These changes usually come about due to improvements in farming techniques, access to technology, basic healthcare, and education. Without a corresponding fall in birth rates this produces an imbalance, and the countries in this stage experience a large increase in population.

19. DTM
STAGE 3 - In stage three, birth rates fall due to access to contraception, increases in wages, urbanization, a reduction in subsistence agriculture, an increase in the status and education of women, a reduction in the value of children's work, an increase in parental investment in the education of children and other social changes. Population growth begins to level off.

20. DTM
STAGE 4 - During stage four, there are both low birth rates and low death rates. Birth rates may drop to well below replacement level as has happened in countries like Germany, Italy, and Japan, leading to a shrinking population, a threat to many industries that rely on population growth. As the large group born during stage two ages, it creates an economic burden on the shrinking working population. Death rates may remain consistently low or increase slightly due to increases in lifestyle diseases due to low exercise levels and high obesity and an aging population in developed countries.

21. DTM
STAGE 5 – DECLINING POPULATION

22. DTM

23. WHY DOES POPULATION COMPOSITION MATTER?
POP. COMPOSITION, ASPECTS OF POPULATION
WHAT IS IMPORTANT? SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, GROWTH RATES, POP. COMPOSITION
COMPOSTION: AGE, GENDER, EDUCATION, MARITAL STATUS
POP. PYRAMIDS SHOW ABOVE DATA VISUALLY, P.58

24. HOW DOES THE GEOGRAPHY OF HEALTH INFLUENCE POPULATION DYNAMICS?
BESIDES A NATION’S POP. AND GROWTH RATE, THE WELFARE OF A NATION’S PEOPLE ACROSS REGIONS, ETHNICITIES, AND SOCIAL CLASS IS IMPORTANT IN RELATION TO SANITATION, PREVALENCE OF DISEASE, AND AVAILABILITY OF HEALTH CARE.

25. LEADING MEASURES OF A NATION’S POPULATION
1. IMR, INFANT MORTALITY RATE
A BABY’S DEATH DURING YR. 1 AFTER BIRTH
# OF DEATH CASES PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS
2. CMR, CHILD MORTALITY RATE
CHILD’S DEATH BETWEEN YRS. 1-5
IMR, CMR REFLECT OVERALL HEALTH OF NATION, P. 59

26. CAUSES, HIGH IMR MAIN: MOTHER’S HEALTH MALNOURISHMENT OF MOTHER
OVERWORK/EXHAUSTION
LACK OF EDUCATION
DISEASE
PROLONGED DIARRHEA
POOR SANITATION
ACCESS TO CLEAN DRINKING WATER

27. HIGH IMR-POOR NATIONS, DEVELOPING
LOW IMR-RICH NATIONS, DEVELOPED
IMR VARIES WITHIN NATIONS ACOORDING TO REGION ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ETC.
IMR, CMR HIGH IN MOST OF AFRICA, ASIA

28. EXAMPLE, SOUTH AFRICA IMR FOR S. AF.=48 (AVERAGE)
IMR FOR S. AF. WHITES IS EUR. AV.
IMR FOR S. AF. BLACKS IS AF. AV.

29. EXAMPLE, USA IMR AVERAGE = 6.8 IMR FOR BLACKS = 13.6
IMR FOR WHITES = 5.7
IMR VARIES BY REGION
HIGHEST IMR = S.; LOWEST IMR = NE
REITERATION: IN USA, LIKE OTHER NATIONS, IMR, CMR, VARY BY REGION ACCORDING TO ETHNICITY, SOCIAL CLASS, ED LEVELS, AND ACCESS TO HEALTH CARE.

30. ANOTHER MEASURE OF A NATION’S POPULATION…
LIFE EXPECTANCY
NO. OF YRS. A PERSON MAY EXPECT TO REMAIN ALIVE
WOMEN OUTLIVE MEN
HIGHEST = JAPAN, AGE 82 DUE TO LOW IMR, CMR, FR
LOWEST = SUBSAHARAN AFRICA, AGE 40
HIV-AIDS

31. HEALTH AND WELL-BEING GEOGRAPHERS-STUDY DISEASE
WHY? PREDICT DIFFUSION, PREVENTION
CATEGORIES:
INFECTIOUS,
CHRONIC,
GENETIC,
SPATIAL EXTENT
ENDEMIC
EPIDEMIC
PANDEMIC

32. HOW DO GOVERNMENTS AFFECT POPULATION CHANGE?
GOVTS HAVE POLICIES INFLUENCING GROWTH RATE OR ETHNIC RATIOS W/IN POP.
POLICIES
1.EXPANSIVE
2.EUGENIC
3.RESTRICTIVE

33. EXPANSIVE
GOVT ENCOURAGES LARGE FAMILIES TO RAISE RATE OF NATURAL INCREASE
EXS., USSR IN COLD WAR; PRC UNDER MAO ZEDONG
PRESENTLY, NATIONS W/ AGING POPS OFFER FISCAL INCENTIVES

34. EUGENIC GOVT FAVORS ONE ETHNICITY OR CULTURE SECTOR OF POP
EX., NAZI GERMANY

35. RESTRICTIVE GOVT REDUCES NATURAL INCREASE.
GOVT IS TOLERANT OF UNAPPROVED BIRTHCONTROL AND / OR LARGE FAMILY PROHIBITIONS
EX., PRC’S ONE CHILD POLICY
REDUCTION OF PRC’S GROWTH RATE
RESULTS: FEMALE INFANTICIDE, INCREASED ABORTIONS, ORPHANED GIRLS
PRESENTLY, PRC RELAXATION OF POLICY