1. BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist
UNIT 3: Biochemistry
BIG IDEA: Organic compounds are necessary for life to exist

2. Organic Molecules Organic compounds are made up of mostly Carbon
Carbon can form 4 bonds with atoms of other elements as well as with itself
Can form chains, branches and rings
Enormous variety of molecule shapes

3. Organic Molecules C can also share pairs of electrons
Clusters of atoms can change the nature of organic molecules

4. Organic Molecules
Many are built by adding monomers together to build up larger polymers (macromolecule)
Dehydration synthesis builds polymers
Hydrolysis reaction breaks it down

5. What is dehydration synthesis?
Dehydration= remove water
Synthesis= putting it together
Putting two simple sugars together by removing water Forms a disaccharide

6. Hydrolysis Opposite of dehydration synthesis
Separating disaccharide into two monosaccharide by adding water
Maltose+ water Glucose +Glucose

7. Example
Glucose + Glucose Maltose + Water

8. Classes of Organic Molecules
Four classes of organic molecules are essential to living things and their life processes
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

9. Carbohydrates

10. Carbohydrates
Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio C: 2H :1O
Functions:
Major source of energy
Some are also used for structural support
Building block of a carb is a monosaccaride (simple sugar)

11. Carbohydrates “single sugar,” building blocks
ex. glucose, fructose, and galactose: these are isomers
Isomers: same chemical formula, different structural formula

12. Carbohydrates Many carbs are disaccharides
( 2 sugars linked by dehydration synthesis)
ex. sucrose (glucose- fructose), maltose (glucose- glucose), lactose (glucose- galactose)
Sucrose is table sugar
Lactose is milk sugar

13. Carbohydrates
Polysaccarides-“3 or more sugars,” long branching chains of linked simple sugars, large and insoluble, functions as
short-term storage of energy
Starch: plants
Glycogen: animals
Cellulose: structural support in plants (wood)

14. Why are Carbs Important?
Because they contain large amounts of energy that can be released by hydrolysis

15. Lipids

16. Lipids Nonpolar molecules, made of mostly C and H, &some O. Functions:
Long term storage of energy, Structural molecule in cell membranes, Waterproof covering on plants, Chemical messengers – steroids
fats, oils, and waxes.

17. Lipids
Made up of fatty acids Glycerol and fatty acids

18. Lipids- Glycerol Structure

19. Lipids-Fatty acids long carbon chains, with a group at one end.
straight
long carbon chains, with a group at one end.
carboxyl

20. Lipids- Saturated Fatty Acid
contains only _____________ bonds between carbon atoms.
_________ at room temperature, for example ____________.
single
Solid
butter

21. Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
contains at least one ________ bond between carbon atoms. _________ at room temperature, for example ________.
double
Liquid
oil

22. Lipids- Unsaturated Fatty Acid
________________________: contains more than one double bond between carbon atoms.
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids and results in bad trans-fats.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

23. A ______________ reaction links the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule making fat (triglyceride).
dehydration

24. Lipids Trigylcerides (fats)- Phospholipids-2 Waxes Steroids
energy storage
3 Fatty acids and a gylcerol
Phospholipids-2
Waxes
Steroids

25. Cholesterol: Good or Bad?
The Good News:
Essential compound in making animal cell membranes, hormones, and vitamin D.
The Bad News
Can build-up in arteries and cause heart attacks and strokes

26. PROTEINS

27. III. Proteins:
composed of ___________, which are made up of C, H, N, O,and S atoms
amino acids

28. A. Amino acids: 20
1. There are ______ different amino acids that make up most proteins.

29. 2. Draw

30. Amino acids are linked through the dehydration reaction by ____________ to form ____________.
peptide bonds
polypeptides

31. Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged
Amino acids can be polar, non-polar, charged or uncharged. This affects the ________ of the protein.
structure

32. B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:
Helixes or coils

33. Helix

34. B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:
Helixes or coils
Pleated Sheets

35. Pleated Sheets

36. B. Polypeptides: very long chains of amino acids.
The amino acids in the chains interact with each other, forming different types of structures:
Helixes or coils
Pleated Sheets
Globular

37. Globular Protein

38. C. The ___________ of a protein is greatly influenced by conditions such as :
Temperature pH
structure

39. D. Functions: There are many different kinds of proteins each with different roles.

40. D. Functions building material chemical Provide ________________ and
structural support
Provide ________________ and
________________.
Example: keratin and collagen
2. Control the rate of _________ reactions: enzymes
building material
chemical

41. D. Functions
Carry and transport substances in and out of ____. Example: hemoglobin
Fight against _______: antibodies
cells
disease

42. composed of a chain of ___________________.
IV. Nucleic Acids
composed of a chain of ___________________.
nucleotides

43. A. Nucleotide (draw it in) Elements:CHNOP

44. a. Names of Nitrogenous Bases
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)

45. B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule
B. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double stranded molecule. It stores the hereditary information used to make _____________________.
a. Nitrogenous bases pair up:
A and T
G and C
proteins

47. C. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a single stranded molecule, used in making proteins.
a. Uses the nitrogenous base, Uracil (U) instead of Thymine