1. Slide 1 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Two Economic Challenges 1) Slow GDP Growth 2) Maintaining the Social Welfare System

2. Slide 2 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States What is GDP? Or, how do we measure the size of an economy? Gross domestic product (or GDP) is the total value of all the goods and services produced by an economy Cars Cappuccinos iPods Insurance policies Haircuts The US is the world’s largest economy. It has the highest GDP If the euro area is counted as a single economy, it would be second largest

3. Slide 3 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States How can we compare the standard of living? GDP per capita – total GDP divided by the population size, tells you the average standard of living (how “rich” or “poor”) US GDP = $13 trillion. US Population = 300 million Luxembourg GDP = $25 billionLuxembourg Population: 0.5 million

4. Slide 4 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Measuring GDP growth Our GDP measure can increase because: a)The economy produces more goods and services b)The prices of goods and services increase We are only interested in (a), the real increase! - Nominal GDP growthInflation = Real GDP growth

5. Slide 5 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Explaining differences in living standards Euro Area (15) United States (2008) (2008) GDP (USD billions) 14 043.78 14 294.5 Population (million) 320.1 305.5 GDP per capita (USD) 43 873 46 790 Employment rate 54% 62% Hours worked per employed person 1,600 1,781 Output per hour worked (USA = 100) 87 100

6. Slide 6 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Does GDP per capita measure “quality of life”? Euro area GDP per capita is only 70% of US level, so the standard of living is lower in euro area on this measure But Europe has: Much longer holidays! Slightly higher life expectancy Notably lower infant mortality Lower poverty and earnings inequality Lower levels of crime and violent crime Universal health care

7. Slide 7 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States How do we raise the rate of economic growth? If the economy is experiencing weak growth, sometimes the solution is to change macroeconomic policy and stimulate the economy. Imagine you are driving a car. If you want to go faster, you step on the gas: Monetary policy – reduce interest rates Fiscal policy – cut taxes, raise government spending

8. Slide 8 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Macroeconomic policy must avoid generating inflation But if policy is too loose, this can lead to higher inflation. This is like driving too fast and going into a skid. Avoid a skid (ease off the gas and gently apply the brakes): Monetary policy – raise interest rates Fiscal policy – raise taxes, cut government spending

9. Slide 9 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Driving at a safe speed: the potential growth rate The rate at which an economy can safely grow without triggering higher inflation is called the potential growth rate. This rate will differ between economies. € area: 2% to 2.2%? US: 2.5% to 3%? Higher employment ratesmore productive workers The potential growth rate depends on the growth of the labor force as well as productivity growth. Higher employment rates, longer hours worked and more productive workers all help to raise the potential growth rate.

10. Slide 10 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Productivity is a key determinant of long-term growth Productivity – a measure of how much each worker produces Marie-ClaudeKarl-Heinz Marie-Claude designed 5 web sites Karl-Heinz designed 8 web sites Who is more productive? Marie-Claude worked 200 hours Karl-Heinz worked 400 hours Now who is more productive? Web sites designed per hour – Marie-Claude: 0.025, Karl Heinz: 0.020 Marie-Claude has a higher hourly productivity than Karl-Heinz

11. Slide 11 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Slow growth and high unemployment raise concerns In the recent past, Europe has suffered from slow growth, high unemployment and low productivity growth Labor and product markets less flexible than the US, harder to deal with economic shocks, globalization, etc Low productivity growth seems to stem from low investment in information and communications technology (ICT), less use of ICT relative to US, low R&D spending and relatively low workforce skills

12. Slide 12 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States *Also called Lisbon Agenda or Strategy for Growth & Jobs http://ec.europa.eu/growthandjobs The Lisbon Strategy* was adopted in 2000 to create a more dynamic and knowledge-based EU economy Initial results disappointing, Lisbon re- launched in 2005 with clearer focus Key objectives: raise R&D spending to 3% of GDP, raise employment rate to 70% by 2010 Structural reformsStructural reforms now contributing to better economic performance in Europe (higher productivity and employment rates), but more reforms needed, e.g. to cope with ageing The Lisbon Strategy: Europe gets a tune-up!

13. Slide 13 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Challenge #2: Sustaining the “social welfare system” - What is a social welfare system? - Does Europe have one or many? - What does it mean to have a system that’s “sustainable”?

14. Slide 14 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States What is a social welfare system? Pensions Health care Unemployment benefits

15. Slide 15 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Europe has many types of social welfare system There are (at least) four different European models employment protection weakstrong unemployment benefits low high Scandinavian: high employment, low inequality English-speaking: high employment, high inequality Rhineland: low employment, low inequality Mediterranean: low employment, high inequality

16. Slide 16 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Why is welfare system “sustainability” at risk? 16 The “old-age dependency ratio” will rise due to fall in birth rate, fall in death rate and retirement of “baby boomers” 2000: Four people of working age for every one retired person 2050: Only two people of working age for every retired person Europe is Ageing Rapidly!

17. Slide 17 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Economic consequences of changing demographics What happens to the economy when the working-age population shrinks? EU growth rate will more than halve by 2050 (fewer workers) Reduction in potential growth Social model under stress (fewer taxpayers, more social spending, e.g. on pensions, health care, long-term care)

18. Slide 18 Nigel Nagarajan, Counselor, Head of Economic and Financial Affairs Section Delegation of the European Commission to the United States Sustaining the Social Welfare System Can Europe still afford its Welfare States? Does it need to adapt its social model?