1. Factors That Impact Population Growth Culture/Religion Gender Equality for Education and Employment Education Availability Pension Systems Marriage Age and Fertility Family Planning Service Abortion Acceptance Infant Mortality Rate

2. Calculating a Population (Births- Deaths) + (Immigration – Emigration) = Population Change Birth rate - Death rate x 100 = Rate of Pop. Change 70/Growth Rate (as a percentage) = The time it takes a pop. to double (Rule of 70) Current Population e^ (rate * time) = Estimated Population

3. A closer look at Equation #2 (Birth rate - Death rate) + (Immigration rate- Emmigration rate ) x 100 = Rate (%) of Pop. Change Birth rate = Births for every 1000 people Death rate = Deaths for every 1000 people Immigration Rate = Enter country for every 1000 people Emmigration Rate = Exit country for every 1000 people

4. Example of a Population Problem Shermana has a population of 10,000 people 70 Births 10 Deaths 10/1000 people immigrate in 5/1000 people leave the country What is the Shermana’s growth rate? (1.1%)

5. Another Example… In 1950, a scientist was studying Beluga whales. At this time, there were 5,000 whales. With a growth rate of 2.5%, what will the estimated population be in 50 years? When will the population double? P e = P i e rt P e is the estimated population P i is the initial population e is a constant r is the growth rate (as a decimal) t is time

6. Factors That Affect Death Rates Food supplies and distribution Nutrition Medical care and Public health technology Sanitation and personal hygiene Safe water availability

7. United States Low infant mortality 165 to 6.5, but not the lowest Why? Inadequate healthcare for poor Drug addictions Teenage pregnancy

8. United States Immigration Accounts for 45% of annual growth First Europeans, but now Latinos and Asians Many want to limit new citizens from 45% to 20% Immigration Reform and Control Act Those with family members can fill vacant jobs, or refugees seeking asylum

9. Why some citizens welcome new immigrants? History of the U.S. Increase tax payers Fill unwanted jobs Workforce will be needed to fill the shoes of retired baby boomers

10. What’s a “brain drain?” Many educated people leave their own country if they can obtain: A) Higher income B) Better job

11. Understanding Age Structure What to look for in Population Pyramids: Fast growth: wide base in a pyramid Slow growth: base is not as wide in a pyramid No growth (ZPG): pencil shape Negative growth: a diamond

12. Social Impact with slow growth Who pays for Social Security? Missing workforce

13. Demographic Transition Stages Social changes/stages a country would go through: Preindustrial Transitional Industrialization Post Industrial

14. Preindustrial Stage Harsh conditions: Famine, plagues, wars, etc. Poor healthcare High Birth rate and High Death rate = Low population growth

15. Transitional Stage Improved healthcare More reliable food production and distribution Water supplies Birth rate is still high, low death rate = High Population growth

16. Industrial Stage Economic Growth More jobs Education availability Birth rate declines and gets closer to death rate = Slow Population growth, but still increasing

17. Post Industrial Better educated, more affluent Smaller families Low birth rate = death rate Zero Population Growth

18. Indicators for Overall Health of a Country Life expectancy Infant Mortality Reflects nutrition and health care availablity

19. UN Conference on Population and Development Cairo, Egypt Goals by 2015: Provide access to Family Planning Services Improve pediatrics and prenatal care Encourage implemenation on population policies Gender equality (education, jobs, and family responsibilities) Improve poverty Decrease unsustainable patterns of consumption Japan, Thailand, S. Korea, Taiwan, Iran, and China all decreased their TFR within 15 years!

20. Benefits of a City Trade Politics and organized government Organized religion Technology, healthcare Education Culture/Art

21. Negative effects: Urban sprawl Poverty Pollution (Air, Water, Soil degradation) Mexico City – Fecal Snow Urban heat absorption Runoff and flooding Noise Pollution Spread of disease

22. Possible Solutions: Move up and not out (skyscrapers) Conserve natural habitats Energy and resource conservation (recycling) Mass transportation Detroit Mass Transit More plants (ex. Greenbelts)