1. Cellular Reproduction Mitosis

2. Cell reproduction occurs when parent cells divide. Two new daughter cells arise from each parent cell.

3. The production of new cells serves several functions Early Development 1.GROWTH: Increase the number of cells 2.SPECIALIZE: Production of the many different cell types that will make up the mature organism

4. After Full Development 1.Repair damage tissues 2.Replace cells that are lost from the outer surface 3. Resist disease

6. Small cells are better than large cells. There is more surface area for the cell membrane to meet the cell’s needs

7. Cells stop growing or reproduce before they reach the point of: Starving because of a lack of nutrients Being poisoned because of waste buildup

8. Mitosis

9. The process by which chromosomes are duplicated and distributed to daughter nuclei

10. Each daughter cell nucleus carries the same set of genetic information as the parent nucleus

11. Interphase and Mitosis make up the cell cycle

12. Mitosis is a series of “phases” where the end of one phase blends with the beginning of the next

13. Interphase (NOT part of mitosis) The in-between phase where chromosomes replicate Interphase begins when cell reproduction is completed. Interphase is a non-reproducing phase in which the cell spends most of its life

14. Early Interphase (still NOT mitosis) New parts such as ribosomes and mitochondria are produced – Animal cells: new centrioles – Plant cells: new chloroplasts

15. Interphase Look for a. Complete nuclear membrane b. Chromosomes NOT visible chromatin Nuclear membrane

16. Interphase

17. Prophase Chromosome become dark and thick Look for:a. Nuclear membrane disappearing b. Chromosomes look like dark, thick threads Nuclear Membrane Chromosome threads

18. Mitosis - Prophase

19. Prometaphase Chromosomes move to the equator Look for: a. Nuclear membrane is gone b. Paired chromosomes attached with centromeres move toward the equator

20. Metaphase Chromosomes line up and attach to spindle fibers Look for: chromosomes lined up at the equator

21. Mitosis - Metaphase

22. Anaphase Chromosomes (chromatids) move to the poles Look for: chromatids pulling apart at the centromeres

23. Mitosis - Anaphase

24. Telophase The cell splits and 2 new daughter cells are formed. The nuclear membrane starts to reappear. Look for: a. (animal) cleavage furrow b. (plant) equitorial plate

25. Mitosis – Late Telophase Plant Cell – equatorial plate forming Animal Cell – cleavage furrow forming

26. Daughter Cells

27. Mitosis

28. Anaphase Metaphase Prophase TelophaseInterphase Telophase Prophase

29. It is estimated that 25 million cell division occur every second in the human body

30. Different types of cells divide at different rates Red Blood Cell form in bone marrow and reproduce rapidly to keep up with the need for new cells Muscle and Nerve cells never reproduce once they mature Human Liver Cells divide only when new cells are needed to repair wounds.

31. If one type of cell grows too rapidly, the normal organization of the organism is disrupted. Cancer is one kind of disruption. When there is a rapid, uncontrolled division of one kind of cell, it invades and disrupts cells in other tissue.

33. Genetic Uniformity = Mitosis The genes in every daughter cell are identical to the genes in the parent cell ******BODY CELLS