1. Cells and Life
How did scientists‘ understanding of cells develop?
What are the main principles of cell theory?
The Cell
How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar, and how are they different?
What is the function of each organelle?
Lesson 1 Reading Guide

2. Discovery of the Cell
English scientist Robert Hooke first identified cells over 300 years ago while looking at cork under a microscope he built.
After Hooke’s discovery, other scientists began to use better microscopes to identify different structures in the cells of plants and animals.
Answer 1
Lesson 1

3. Cell Theory
After Hooke discovered cells, other scientists began making better microscope s and looking for cells in many other places, such as pond water and blood.
Two German scientists, Schleiden and Schwann separately studied cells and realized that plant cells and animal cells have similar features.
Two decades later, Rudolf Virchow (a German doctor) proposed that cells come from preexisting cells.
Answer 2
Lesson 1

4. Cell Theory (continued)
The observations of Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow were combined into one theory, known as cell theory
Cell Theory states that:
all living things are made of one or more cells,
the cell is the smallest unit of life, and
all new cells come from preexisting cells.
Answer 3
Lesson 1

5. Cell theory includes three principles.
Getty Images
Lesson 1

6. Cell Theory (continued)
How did scientists’ understanding of cells develop? What made this possible?
Have students answer #4 together
Lesson 1

7. Cell Theory (continued)
How did scientists’ understanding of cells develop? What made this possible?
Answer: Scientists used microscopes to look for cells in different places and shared/published their findings
Have students answer #5 together
Lesson 1

8. Cell Shape and Movement
The size and shape of a cell relates to its job or function.
Cells are made of different structures that perform different functions that keep a cell alive.
The structures that each different type of cell has fits its specific function
Answer to #5
Lesson 2

9. Cell Shape and Movement
The cell membrane is a flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell.
A cell wall is a stiff structure outside the cell membrane that protects a cell from attack by viruses and other harmful organisms.
Plant cells have both cell wall and cell membranes, but animal cells only have cell membranes
Answer # 6, 7, and 8
Lesson 2

10. Cell Shape and Movement (cont.)
Cell appendages, like flagella and cilia, are often used for movement.
They can move a cell or move molecules away from a cell.
The cytoskeleton is a network of threadlike proteins that are joined together.
Cytoplasm is the gel-like fluid inside the cell
Answer 9 and 10
Lesson 2

11. The cytoskeleton maintains the shape of an animal cell.
Lesson 2

12. The cell wall maintains the shape of a plant cell.
Lesson 2

13. Cell Types
With more advanced microscopes, scientists discovered that all cells can be grouped into two types:
prokaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
Most prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms called prokaryotes.
Answer 11, and # 12 a
Lesson 2

14. Cell Types (cont.)
The genetic material in a prokaryotic cell is not surrounded by a membrane.
Answer #12 b
Lesson 2

15. Cell Types (cont.)
Plants, animals, and fungi, are all made of eukaryotic cells and are called eukaryotes.
In eukaryotic cells, the genetic material is surrounded by a membrane.
Answer #13 a, b
Lesson 2

16. Every eukaryotic cell has membrane-surrounded organelles, which have specialized functions and enable the cell to carry out different functions at the same time.
Answer #13 c
Lesson 2

17. Cell Types (cont.) Answer now with your partners:
How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar, and how are they different?
Tell students to answer #14 with their partners
Lesson 2

18. Cell Types (cont.)
How are prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells similar, and how are they different?
Answer: Both have genetic material, but in prokaryotic cells, the genetic material floats freely, but in eukaryotic cells the genetic material is in the nucleus. Eukaryotic cell is also usually larger than prokaryotic cells.
Share answer for #14 with the class
Lesson 2

19. Organelles
Organelles enable cells to carry out different functions at the same time.
Answer # 15 and #16 a
Lesson 2

20. Nucleus (cont.) In most cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle.
EM Research Services, Newcastle University
Lesson 2

21. DNA in the nucleus is organized into structures called chromosomes.
The nucleus is the part of a eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities and contains genetic information stored in DNA.
DNA in the nucleus is organized into structures called chromosomes.
Chromosomes are the blueprint for life
Answer # 16 b, c, and d
Lesson 2

22. Manufacturing Molecules
Ribosomes are in a cell’s cytoplasm and make proteins.
Ribosomes can be attached to a web-like organelle called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER.
ER with ribosomes on its surface is called rough ER and is the site of protein production.
Answer #17
Lesson 2

23. Manufacturing Molecules (cont.)
ER without ribosomes is called smooth ER. It makes lipids like cholesterol and helps remove harmful substances from a cell.
Lesson 2

24. Processing Energy
Most eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria, where energy-releasing chemical reactions occur.
Chloroplasts are membrane-bound organelles that use light energy and make food—a sugar called glucose—from water and carbon dioxide through the process of photosynthesis.
Animal cells do not have chloroplast, but plant cells have both mitochondria and chloroplast.
Answer 18 and 19
Lesson 2

25. Processing, Storing, and Transporting Molecules
The Golgi apparatus prepares proteins for their specific functions and packages the proteins into vesicles.
Vesicles are organelles that transport substances from one area of a cell to another area of a cell.
Vacuoles—organelles found in some cells—store food, water, and waste material.
Answer 20, 21 and 22
Lesson 2

26. Cell Organelles
Lesson 2

27. The cell theory summarizes the main principles for understanding that the cell is the basic unit of life.
Getty Images
Lesson 1

28. A cell is protected by a flexible covering called the cell membrane.
Lesson 2

29. Cells can be grouped into two types— prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
In a chloroplast, light energy is used for making sugars in a process called photosynthesis.
Lesson 2

30. What was Robert Hooke looking at under a microscope when he first identified molecules?
A. pond water
B. skin
C. cork
D. plants
Answer 17
Lesson 1

31. What is the flexible covering that protects the inside of a cell from the environment outside a cell?
A. appendages
B. wall
C. membrane
D. organelles
Lesson 2

32. Plants, animals, fungi, and protists are all made of which of these?
A. eukaryotic cells
B. prokaryotic cells
C. organelles
D. chloroplasts
Lesson 2

33. What is the name for the part of a eukaryotic cell that directs cell activities and contains genetic information stored in DNA?
A. cell membrane
B. nucleus
C. Golgi apparatus
D. nuclear envelope
Lesson 2

34. Do you agree or disagree?
1. Nonliving things have cells. 2. Different organisms have cells with different structures. 3. All cells store genetic information in their nuclei.
Lesson 2