1. Levels of Organization
Organ System 2
Organism 1
Cell 5
Organelle 6
Organ 3
Tissue 4
PAGE 3

2. What are the differences between plant & animal cells?
circular shape
square shape
large vacuole
centriole
chloroplasts
cell wall
small vacuole
PAGE 3

3. Biotic vs Abiotic PAGE 4 mushroom maple tree soil sunlight oxygen
earthworm
human
PAGE 4

4. How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants?

5. Why do animals shed their skin?

6. Living Organisms have a Life Cycle
1. Begins with the organism’s formation
2. Followed by growth & development
3. Ends in death
PAGE 4

7. B. Cells also have life cycles.
C. The cell cycle is a series of events that takes place from one cell division to the next.
PAGE 4

8. Red blood cells Skin cells
It takes different cells different amounts of time to complete a cell cycle
Some cells constantly repeat the cycle
a. example:
Red blood cells
Skin cells
PAGE 4

9. DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated
Cell growth
Interphase
DNA (chromosomes) are duplicated
Cytokinesis
Telophase
Anaphase
Cell prepares for division
Metaphase
Prophase
Mitosis

10. Cell Division Responsible for: Growth Repair Replacement Reproduction
PAGE 5

11. 1. Mitosis a. Part of a larger cell cycle
b. Occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells
c. Responsible for growth and repair, replacement.
d. Replaces the entire lining of the small intestine

12. Liver cells only divide for repairing
2) Nerve cells do not divide
3) New cells arise by division of existing cells; Resulting cell is capable to divide again

13. Mitosis Notes
Cell division occurs in a series of stages or phases
PAGE 6

14. Preparation for mitosis:
Interphase not a part of mitosis
genetic material is (doubled)duplicated.

15. CELL MEMBRANE
Nucleus
PAGE 6
Cytoplasm

16. Interphase Plant Cell Animal Cell PAGE 6
Photographs from:

17. 1. Prophase Mitosis begins nuclear envelope disappears
chromosome pairs appear and spindle fibers form between the poles

18. Prophase
Sister chromatids
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
PAGE 6

19. Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Spindle fibers Centrioles
Photographs from:

20. 2. Metaphase Chromosome pairs line up in the middle of the cell
Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers
PAGE 6

21. Metaphase
Centrioles
PAGE 6
Spindle fibers

22. Metaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

23. 3. Anaphase
Chromosomes separate & are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

24. Anaphase
Centrioles
Spindle fibers
PAGE 6

25. Anaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

26. 4. Telophase nuclear envelope forms again
chromosomes begin to separate begin to see two cells
mitosis ends

27. Telophase
Nuclei
Nuclei
Chromatin

28. Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell
Photographs from:

29. Cytokinesis Cytoplasm divides cell membrane moves inward
(animal cell) to create 2 daughter cells each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei

30. Cytokinesis (animal cell)

31. Cytokinesis:Pinching In
ANIMAL CELLS

32. Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides cell plate forms in the middle of the cell
(plant cell) each cell has its own nucleus with identical nuclei

33. Cytokinesis (plant cell)

34. Cytokinesis: Cell plate
ANIMAL CELLS

35. Pink Mice Are Totally Cute

36. Mitosis Animation http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

37. Mitosis in Plants

38. Animal Mitosis -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

39. Plant Mitosis -- Review
Interphase                                                             
Prophase                                                             
Metaphase                                                             
Anaphase                                                             
Telophase                                                             

40. 2. Meiosis a. Cell divides twice to become a gamete (sex cell)
b. Will not divide any further until fertilization.

41. E. There are two types of reproduction among living organisms.
PAGE 8

42. 1. Asexual Reproduction – a new organism is produced from one organism.
a. The new organism has hereditary material identical to the parent.
PAGE 8

43. PAGE 8 Name of organism Type of Asexual Reproduction potato budding
Strawberry plant
runners
Hydra
Sea star, planaria, sponges
regeneration
PAGE 8

44. F. Sexual Reproduction
1. Two sex cells join to form a zygote, which will develop into a new organism that is not identical to the parents.
There are two types of sex cells.
Page 9

45. 1. Sperm are made in the male reproductive organs, called the testes.
2. Eggs are made in the female reproductive organs called the ovaries.
Eggs
Page 9

46. This is called fertilization.
3. Sperm + Egg zygote
This is called fertilization. +
haploid haploid = diploid =
Page 9

47. 46 chromosomes 23 chromosomes
Cells
Body Sex
Diploid Haploid
46 chromosomes chromosomes
Page 10

48. Meiosis allows the creation of unique individuals through sexual reproduction.
2. Meiosis – produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell, this makes sure that offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms.
Page 10

49. 3.What is the difference between diploid & haploid?
a. diploid – cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs (2n)
b. haploid – cell that has half (n) the number of chromosomes as body cells.
Page 10

50. 46 Chromosomes (diploid) 23 Chromosomes (haploid) Heart Cell
Draw this table in your notes on the bottom of page 10.
46 Chromosomes
(diploid)
23 Chromosomes
(haploid)
Heart Cell
Muscle Cell
Stomach Cell
Liver Cell
Egg Cell
Skin Cell
Sperm Cell
Page 10

51. Let’s Practice! Organism Diploid Number Haploid Number Mouse 20
Chicken 78
Tomato 12
Housefly
Human 46 40 39 24 6 23
Page 11

52. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
Contains the genetic information: located in the nucleus
Shape of it is a double helix: looks like a spiral staircase
DNA is made up of many repeating units
called nucleotides
Twisted ladder
Nitrogenous Base
Phosphate group
5 carbon sugar

53. DNA Structure – Watson and Crick (1953)
Rosalind Franklin
X-Ray photo of DNA (1952)

54. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

55. What is a nucleotide? Thymine T Adenine A Guanine G Sugar (5 carbon)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base (there are four bases)
Cytosine C
Thymine T
Adenine A
Guanine G

56. Each base has a compliment
Each base has a compliment. That means that it normally bonds with another base.
For example:
A always bonds with T
C always bonds with G
These four bases are abbreviated by using their respective first letters.

57. Phosphate group A T
5 carbon sugar
Hydrogen bond T A C G C G
Nitrogenous base
nucleotide

58. Let’s Practice C- G- T- C- T- A- A- T- G-G- G C A T T- C- G- A- C-C- A
Original Strand
Complimentary Strand

59. Chromosome Number

61. Transcription
Translation
Protein
Trait
DNA
RNA
RNA processing

62. Making Proteins DNA RNA Protein Step 1: DNA replication
Step 2: RNA synthesis (Using a piece of DNA to make RNA, called transcription)
Step 3: Amino acids form proteins (called translation)
DNA RNA Protein

63. RNA Contains the sugar ribose
Is single-stranded
Contains the sugar ribose
Has the base U (uracil) instead of T (thymine)
There are 3 types:
mRNA – messenger RNA
rRNA – ribosomal RNA
tRNA – transfer RNA

64. Making a protein from the plans in the DNA is a two step process.
Transcription:
A messenger RNA copy of the gene is made.
Translation:
The mRNA is sent to a ribosome where a protein is made.