1. All Living Things are Made Up of Cells
Smallest unit capable of all life functions
Unicellular Organisms
Entire organism is made up of one single cell
Bacteria and protists

2. Multicellular Organisms
The organism is made up of many cells
Cells have specialized functions within the organism

3. All living things are made of cells
All living things are made of cells. Our bodies are made up of between 10 trillion (1013) and 100 trillion (1014) cells.
A cell is the basic unit of life. Each contains smaller parts called organelles. These organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell, including:
Intake of nutrients
movement
Growth
Response to stimuli
Exchange of gases
Waste removal
Reproduction

4. Plant Cell nucleus rough endoplasmic nucleolus reticulum
smooth endoplasmic
reticulum
chromatin
ribosomes
(small brown dots)
central vacuole
Golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
cytoplasm
mitochondrion
cell membrane
chloroplast
cell wall
wall of adjacent cell

5. Animal Cell
Vacuole

6. Nucleus Brain of the cell Office of the factory
Contains nearly all the cell’s DNA and with it the coded instructions for making PROTEINS and other important molecules

7. Nuclear membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of 2 membranes
Dotted with thousands of nuclear pores
How do we get messages, instructions and blueprints out of the office?
Allow material to move in and out of nucleus by using “little runners” such as proteins, RNA and other molecules

8. Inside the nucleus we see…
Contain a granular material called…
CHROMATIN
Chromatin= DNA + protein
Usually spread out in nucleus
During cell division, chromatin clumps together or condenses…we call this….
CHROMOSOMES

9. Chromosomes
Threadlike structures that contain genetic information that is passed on from one generation to the next

10. Nucleolus Small dense region inside the nucleus
Function: assembly of ribosomes begin…

12. Ribosomes Most important function of cell is…
Making proteins
Proteins regulate a zillion different things
Like…
Proteins are assembled ON Ribosomes
Ribosomes are small particles of protein & RNA (what’s RNA?)
They follow instructions from the nucleus to make proteins…follow the orders from the “head haunchos” in the main office
Scattered throughout the cell
They are like little factories
If a cell’s main function is making proteins, how many ribosomes are you going to have?

13. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Internal membrane system
The site where the lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials exported from the cell
2 types
Smooth ER
Rough ER

14. Rough ER Involved in protein making (synthesis)
So what are we going to see on it?
ribosomes
Once a protein is made, it leaves the ribosome and goes into the Rough ER
The rough ER then modifies the protein
All proteins that are exported by the cell are made on the RER
Membrane proteins are made on the RER too

15. Smooth ER NO ribosomes on it Looks smooth
Contains collections of ENZYMES that have specialized tasks
What do enzymes do?
Tasks include:
Synthesis of membrane lipids
Detoxification of drugs
Liver cells
Big in detox therefore….what do u think liver cells have a lot of?

17. Golgi Apparatus Discovered by Italian scientist Camillo Golgi
Once proteins are done being “modified” in the RER, they move onto the Golgi apparatus
Looks like a stack of pancakes
Function: modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from the ER for STORAGE or SECRETION outside the cell
Proteins are “shipped” to final destination
They are the CUSTOMIZATION SHOP
Finishing touches on proteins before they leave factory

20. Lysosomes (The factory’s clean-up crew
It’s an Organelle filled with enzymes
Function: Digestion (break down) of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into smaller molecules that can be used by the cell
Also digest organelles that have outlived their usefulness

21. Vacuoles The factory’s storage place Only in certain cells
Sac-like organelles
Function: stores material such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates
Plant cells have a single, large central vacuole
Pressure of central vacuole allows plants to support heavy structures

22. Single-celled organisms and some animals also have vacuoles…
Paramecium
Contractile vacuole
Contracts rhythmically to pump excess water out…this maintains what?
homeostasis

23. What is the one thing all living things need to eat, breath, reproduce, move and much more?
ENERGY!!!!

24. Two ways cells get energy…
From food molecules
From the sun

25. Mithochondria
Convert chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convienent for the cell to use
Has 2 membranes
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Nearly all come from the ovum
You get your mitochondria from your mom!

28. Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical energy…what is this process called?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Like solar power for plants
2 membranes
Inside: large stacks of other membranes that contain chlorphyll

31. Organelle DNA
Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own genetic info
In form of small DNA molecules

32. Cytoskeleton Supporting structure and transportation system
Network of protein filaments that helps the cell to maintain its shape and to help the cell move
2 main type of filaments
Microtubules
Microfilaments

33. Cell parts and their functions
Cytoplasm
The living material inside the cell membrane but outside of the nucleus. It helps give a cell its shape. Most of the functions take place within the cytoplasm
Cell membrane
A thin covering that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane
protects the cell
Helps give the cell its shape
Allows materials to enter and leave the cell
Helps keep the cell material together

34. How are plant cells different from animal cells?
Plant cells and animal cells are not exactly alike. Plant cells have certain parts that animal cells do not have. These parts are a cell wall and chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts: are found in the cytoplasm of a plant cell. Chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is needed by green plants for food-making. The food-making process of green plants is called photosynthesis. Most chlorophyll is found in the leaf cells of green plants
Cell wall: the cell wall surrounds the cell membrane of a plant cell. The cell wall is made of a nonliving material called cellulose. The cell wall is more rigid (stiff) than the cell membrane. It gives a plant cell its stiffness. It also gives it its shape

35. The “ins and outs” of the cell membrane
Substances must be able to get into and out of a cell in order for the cell to do its job. The passage of these materials takes through the cell membrane by a process called diffusion. In diffusion, some molecules may pass through tiny holes in the membrane. Others are carried across the membrane by special “carrier molecules”.

36. The “ins and outs” of the cell membrane
The molecules that are diffusing move to whichever side that the has a lower concentration of that kind of molecule. For example, dissolved nutrients and oxygen tend to move into the cell. Dissolved wastes, such as carbon dioxide, tend to move out of the cell
The movement of water through a membrane is called osmosis