1. Topic 3
Genetics

2. only one parent, reproduction by mitosis or Binary fission
asexual reproduction –
only one parent, reproduction by mitosis or Binary fission

3. Biotechnology--The application of the principles of engineering and technology to the life sciences; bioengineering

4. body cell— (soma cell) any cell in the body that is not a sex cell

5. Bond--a mutual attraction between two atoms

6. Centriole—one of two tiny structures in an animal cell that helps form spindle fibers

7. Centromere—connection between two homologous chromosomes

8. Cytokinesis—division of the cytoplasm

9. Chromosome-- threadlike structure within the nucleus containing the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next

10. Chromatid—one side of a homologous pair of chromosomes

11. Clone-genetically identical organism produced by a single cell

12. DNA-- deoxyribonucleic acid, the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms

13. Egg-- female gamete that is haploid

14. Expressed—able to be seen in offspring

15. Gene-- sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait.

16. genetic engineering-- process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms

17. genetic recombination—recombination of genes during sexual reproduction
Heredity-- the passing of traits to offspring
Cell cycle-- series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Mitosis—division of nucleus creating diploid cells

18. Mutation-- change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

19. Replicate— copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA

20. selective breeding-- method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce the next generation

21. sexual reproduction-- process by which two cells from different parents unite to produce the first cell of a new organism

22. Sperm—male gamete that is haploid

23. Spindle-- fanlike microtbule structure that helps separate the chromosomes during mitosis

24. Subunit—parts DNA can be broken down into: Deoxyribose sugar, Phosphate, nucleic acid (A,T,G,C)
All three together are called a nucleotide

25. Template— pattern used to make DNA, RNA, or proteins

26. Traits-- specific characteristic that varies from one individual to another
Hw: Do crossword puzzle as bonus points on your quiz tomorrow

27. Heredity and Genes
Heredity is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction.
The hereditary information (DNA) is organized in the form of genes located in the chromosomes of each cell.

28. Chromosomes are found in the cell nuclei, and contain the DNA molecules. It is the DNA molecules that carry the genetic information of the cell.

29. A human cell contains many thousands of genes in its nucleus, and each gene carries a separate piece of coded information

30. The traits inherited by an individual can be determined by one pair of genes or by several pairs of genes.
A single gene pair can sometimes influence more than one trait.

31. Methods of Reproduction
There are two common methods of reproduction: asexual and sexual.

32. Asexual reproduction -- involves one parent or individual (often a single-celled organism)
all the genetic instructions (genes) come from one individual or parent.
Offspring are usually identical to the parent
Identical genetic copies are known as clones

33. Bacteria
Binary fission– type of mitosis

34. Yeast, Hydra
Budding, unequal cytoplasmic division during mitosis

35. tubers, bulbs, runners, and grafting are types of vegetative propagation.
Part of plant grows new plant

36. Bread Mold-- sporulation
Starfish/ Planaria– fragmentation/ regeneration(new organism grows from a piece of the organism)

37. Parthenogenesis--- makes diploid eggs that develop into a new organism

38. The division of the nucleus during the M phase of the cell cycle is called ___________________.
mitosis
Interphase is divided into 3 phases
1. ____________
2. ____________
3. ___________
G1—cell growth
S –DNA replication
G2 – prep for mitosis

39. The 4 phases of Mitosis are:
1.____________
2._____________3._____________4._____________
prophase
Metaphase
anaphase
telophase
In plant cells a _______________ forms midway of the cell.
Cell plate

40. • Sexual reproduction-- involves two parents.
Each parent produces sex cells.
Sperm are the sex cells produced by the male;
Egg is the sex cell produced by the female.

41. The offspring that results from sexual reproduction therefore receives half of its genetic information from the female parent (via the egg) and half from the male parent (via the sperm).

42. Chromosome Number
All organisms have different numbers of chromosomes.
A body cell in an adult fruit fly has 8 chromosomes: 4 from the fruit fly's male parent, and 4 from its female parent.

43. These two sets of chromosomes are
homologous
A cell that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes is said to be
diploid

44. The of sexually reproducing organisms contain only a single set of chromosomes, and therefore only a single set of genes.
gametes
These cells are
haploid

45. What happens during the process of meiosis?
Meiosis is a process of division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in through the of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
reduction
half
separation

46. Meiosis involves divisions, and .
By the end of meiosis II, the diploid cell that entered meiosis has become 4 haploid cells.
Two
meiosis I
meiosis II

47. Meiosis I
Cells undergo a round of DNA replication, forming duplicate chromosomes.

48. Each chromosome pairs with its corresponding homologous chromosome to form a tetrad.
There are 4 chromatids in a tetrad.

49. When homologous chromosomes form tetrads in meiosis I, they exchange portions of their chromatids in a process called
crossing-over

50. fibers combinations Nuclear separates Crossing-over produces new
of alleles.
combinations
fibers
Spindle ______________ attach to the chromosomes.
The fibers pull the _________________ chromosomes toward opposite ends of the cell.
____________________ membranes form.
The cell ____________________ into two cells.
The two cells produced by meiosis I have chromosomes and alleles that are different from each other and from the diploid cell that entered meiosis I.
homologous
Nuclear
separates

51. second replication chromatids
Meiosis II
The two cells produced by meiosis I now enter a _____________ meiotic division.
Unlike meiosis I, neither cell goes through chromosome__________________.
Each of the cell’s chromosomes has 2 ____________________.
second
replication
chromatids

52. haploid original center chromatids opposite four
A to B Meiosis I results in two ______________(N) daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the ________________cell.
C The chromosomes line up in the ______________ of cell.
D The sister ____________________ separate and move toward ______________ ends of the cell.
E Meiosis II results in ______________ haploid (N) daughter cells
haploid
original
center
chromatids
opposite
four

53. Gamete Formation
In male animals, meiosis results in four equal-sized gametes called sperm.
In many ____________ animals, only one egg results from meiosis. The other three cells, called ___________ bodies, are usually not involved in reproduction.
female
polar bodies

54. Mitosis results in the production of two genetically identical diploid cells. Meiosis produces four genetically different haploid cells.

55. Mitosis
Cells produced by mitosis have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.
Mitosis allows an organism to grow and replace cells.
Some organisms reproduce asexually by mitosis.

56. Meiosis
Cells produced by meiosis have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
These cells are genetically different from the diploid cell and from each other.
Meiosis is how sexually reproducing organisms produce gametes.

57. When a sperm and egg combine to form a new cell with a complete set of genetic instructions, a unique combination of genes results. The term for this is genetic recombination.

58. Hw: pg 42
Questions 1-7

59. The Genetic Code
The inherited instructions (genes) that are passed from parent to offspring exist in the form of a chemical code called the genetic code. It is contained in the DNA molecules of all organisms. DNA molecules resemble a flexible, twisted ladder formed from many smaller repeating units

60. Like other large molecules of life, the DNA molecule is made of thousands of smaller sections called subunits.
Each subunit has three chemical parts:
a sugar
a phosphate
a base.

61. The bases of a DNA molecule are represented by the letters
2. G
3. C
4. T

62. The four subunits of DNA molecules are arranged in pairs, each subunit forming one side and half of
one rung of the "twisted ladder."

63. Watson and Crick's model of DNA was a double helix, in which two strands were wound around each other.

64. This principle is called base pairing.
Watson and Crick discovered that hydrogen bonds can form only between certain base pairs
adenine and thymine
guanine and cytosine.
This principle is called base pairing.