1. PROF BETTINE VAN VUUREN Department of Zoology Tel: 011 559 2457 bettinevv@uj.ac.za

2. Current genetic improvement and DNA tests in the SA Game Industry today Taken from Thomas, 1916, A new sable antelope from Angola. Proceedings of the Zoological Society London pp 298-301

3. Overview Different types of DNA And what we can gather from these Correct markers for the questions asked Current state of genetic testing in wildlife

4. Some information about genetics Mitochondrial DNA Maternally inherited No contribution from father “Pure” – will not change over time Cell

5. Mitochondrial DNA Maternally inherited No contribution from father “Pure” – will not change over time Nuclear DNA Bi-parentally inherited Contribution from father and mother Will reflect admixture, i.e. changes over time Some information about genetics Cell

6. Implications of the two types of DNA Nuclear data show contribution from mother and father Will show admixture, and probability of belonging to specific groups Nuclear data show contribution from mother and father Will show admixture, and probability of belonging to specific groups Nuclear DNA X= F M MF X = 50% : 50% 16% membership to each group Mitochondrial DNA Remain pure

7. Coding and non-coding genes

9. Coding DNA - Code for genes that translate into physical characteristics -Coat colour, horn length, ect -Slow mode of change

10. Coding and non-coding genes Non-coding DNA - Function unknown -Faster rate of change (no constraint on change) Coding DNA - Code for genes that translate into physical characteristics -Coat colour, horn length, ect -Slow mode of change

11. Coding and non-coding genes Focus today -Non-coding Future focus -Coding

12. Different kinds of DNA for different kinds of questions The one is not better than the other – it is simply a matter of the question that you ask….. Coding DNA (requires one to identify the correct gene[s]) Information regarding physical characteristics ¿ What is the potential of my animal regarding horn length ? ¿ What is the potential of my animal regarding % fat in milk ? Non-coding DNA Information regarding historical origin and movement in animals ¿ Is genetic variation geographically structured in species ? ¿ To what extent do animals move around ? ¿ Was my buffalo fathered by Horison or my sable by Charlie ?

13. Current state of genetic testing Types of questions answered today ¿ Is genetic variation geographically structured in specific species ? Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental constraints

14. Current state of genetic testing ¿ Is genetic variation geographically structured in specific species ? Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental constraints ¿ What is the historical origin of my specific animal ? Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental constraints

15. Current state of genetic testing ¿ Is genetic variation geographically structured in specific species ? Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental constraints ¿ What is the historical origin of my specific animal ? Mitochondrial DNA and non-coding nuclear DNA NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental constraints ¿ Forensic identification and paternity ? Non-coding nuclear DNA (microsatellites) Not mitochondrial DNA because it is not variable enough NOT coding nuclear DNA because it is under evolutionary and environmental constraints

16. Questions answered today Geographic origin Pure or hybrid Forensic identification Colour variation – more successful in some species than others Proposed future trends Potential of animals regarding physical characteristic What genes do my animal carry and pass on to next generation Outcome = “…. Informed selection ….”

17. It has always been accepted that species are geographically structured Phenotypic differences were recognized and translated into subspecies descriptions These often followed geopolitical borders (not correct), geological features (often correct) or other landscape features Accurate baseline data Conservation strategies based on these are, at best, inefficient, and may decrease evolutionary potential of species Geographic structure

18. Anthony Bannister

22. To summarize…… Different kinds of DNA Mitochondrial and nuclear Coding and non-coding Important to understand the kinds of questions asked and the kinds of markers used Current tests focus on: Geographic origin Pure herds Forensic identification Paternity ~ Colour variation Conservation management

23. My message to you…… 1.Understand the information available to you This is true for all types of information including genetic, ecology, behavior ect 2.Remain informed Google Ask people that work in the field 3.Do not believe everything you read or what people tell you… Do your own homework