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Command Line Interface (CLI) CSCI N321 – System and Network Administration Copyright © 2000, 2011 by Scott Orr and the Trustees of Indiana University
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Section Overview X Windows Consoles and Terminals UNIX Commands UNIX Filesystem vi Editor
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References CQU COIT13146 System Administration Course Chapter 4 Chapter 5
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X Windows Familiar GUI interface Virtual screens Remote applications X-Terminal Windows Multiple concurrent session Scroll bars Cut, Copy & Paste
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X Managers & Environments X Window Managers Very configurable A lot of variety GUI login mode X Window Environment Fully integrated environment Window manager runs within the environment
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Why use the command line? Always available GUI not installed/working Remote sessions More efficient More powerful Better understanding of what is happening
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UNIX Terminals Old Days Hardwired – serial connections Modems – remote connections Network – telnet Console Monitor/keyboard/mouse on system Boot/error messages display Headless servers
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Virtual Consoles in Linux Multiple sessions on one console Special Consoles Console 1 – default console Console 7 – X Windows Toggling between consoles Text mode - X Windows - : Function Key (n = 1.. 7)
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Basic Philosophy 10% of work solves 90% of problems Smaller is better Portability Solve at right level Be Creative!!!
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Command Anatomy 101 command [-switches] [arg1] [arg2]… Command: Name of the program Switches: Modify command’s behavior Windows typically uses “/” instead of “-” Arg#: Arguments passed to command
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Getting Help Online manual available Searchable Command/File name Type/Section Keyword Not always easy to understand
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Man Page Sections LinuxContents 1User commands 2System calls 3Library calls 5File formats 7Misc. files and documents 6Games and demos 4Devices/Network protocols 8Administration commands 9Kernel specs/interfaces (?)
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Using man man command Look up command man n intro Contents of section n man –k string Search short descriptions ( apropos ) man –K string Search all man pages for string
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Account Related Commands login Start session passwd Change Password logout / exit Close session
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File/Directory Commands Files cp – Copy mv – Move/Rename rm – Remove cat – View all more – View page less – View page Directories ls – List contents mv – Move/Rename cd – Change Dir pwd – Current Dir mkdir – Create rm/rmdir – Remove
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Copies, moves, and renaming cp file1 file2|dir1 Copy file1 to file2 or into directory dir1 cp –r[p] dir1 dir2 Copy directory dir1 to dir2 mv file1 file2|dir1 Moves file1 to file2 or into directory dir1 Renames file1 to file2 if both in same directory
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Viewing files cat file1 Display the contents of file1 to the screen more file1 Display the contents of file1 one screen at a time less file1 Same as more but more powerful
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Removing files and directories rm file1 file2... Removes list of files rmdir dir1 Removes dir1 only (if it is empty) rm -r dir1 Removes dir1 and all subdirectories/files VERY Dangerous!!!
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Other directory commands ls [-la] [file/dir list] Lists files in a directory mkdir dir1 Creates directory dir1 cd dir1 Makes dir1 the current directory pwd Displays the current directory path
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Windows (MSDOS) File/Directory Commands Files copy – Copy move – Move rename - Rename del – Remove type – View all more – View page Directories dir – List contents xcopy – Copy move – Move rename - Rename cd – Change Dir md/mkdir – Create rmdir – Remove
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Linux Filesystem Hierarchy / (root) binvardevlibusrrootbootetchomesbinscottbobalicen321public_htmlmailbinsbinlocaltmplibmanlibsrcsharebin
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So many bins… / (root) binusrsbinbinsbinlocalsbinbin bin directories: User programs sbin directories: System programs /bin & /sbin – Needed at boot time /usr/bin & /usr/sbin – available when system fully operating
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Windows Files/Directories UNIX/LinuxWindows /usr%SystemRoot% (C:\Windows) /bin & /usr/bin %SystemRoot%\System32 /dev%SystemRoot%\System32\Drivers /etc %SystemRoot%\System32\Config Windows Registry ( regedit ) /tmpC:\Temp /var/spool%SystemRoot%\System32\Spool Source: Principles of Network and System Administration by Mark Burgess
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Windows Registry Hierarchical database of all system settings Regedit Organization Hives – Top level Keys – Individual settings within a hive HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG HKEY_CURRENT_USER HKEY_USERS
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Relative & Absolute Paths Absolute Path Given from “root” directory Example: /usr/local/bin (Linux) c:\windows\system32 (Windows) Relative Path ‘.’ – Current Directory ‘..’ – Parent Directory ‘~’ – Home Directory Example: ~/.. = /home
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Filter Commands cat – View all more – View page less – View page head – View first tail – View last wc – word count sort – Sort by field uniq – Remove dup cut – Get fields paste – Merge Files grep – Search text tr – Replace text
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More or Less cat file Displays entire file to screen MSDOS - type more file Displays file one screen at a time Same in MSDOS less – replacement for more
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Heads or Tails head -# file Displays the first # lines of file1 tail -# file Displays the last # lines of file1 wc [-cwl] file Counts number of characters, words, or lines in file
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Sorting Lists the contents of a file based on order sort file Sorts file alphabetically by line sort -r file Sorts file in reverse order by line sort –t: -n –k 3 file Sorts file based on the 3 rd field –k 3) in numeric order ( -n ) with fields separated by ‘:’ ( -t:) MSDOS - find
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Extracting info cut –f# [-d%] file Displays # fields separated by %in file awk is a more advanced replacement grep search-string file Displays all lines with search-string in file Can create very sophisticated search conditions MSDOS - find
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Changing file contents paste file1 file2 Merge contents of file1 and file2 line by line tr c1 c2 < file Changes all occurrences of character c1 to c2 in file
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Misc. Commands date Set system time/date View (formatted) system time/date cal Displays calendar echo Display strings & shell variables Same in MSDOS
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Visual Editor ( vi ) Very Powerful 3 modes Command Insert ex (very similar to MSDOS edlin ) Can be frustrating to learn initially Important to have cheat sheet handy
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emacs versus vi Georgy Georgy says… Slashdot (Asked by markhb): vi or emacs? Georgy: I'm so glad you asked!! Both. vi for quick editing, emacs (NOT xemacs) for coding projects. :q!:q!:q! Source: Slashdot.com, 8/20/2003Slashdot.com, 8/20/2003
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Why vi ?!?!?! Because it is always there!!! ©www.nicedog.com
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