1. Ions and Ionic bonding Chemistry

2. What’s in an atom? (review and new Info) Atoms are made up of 3 particles: 1.Protons -Located in the nucleus (center of atom) 2.Neutrons -Located in the nucleus (center of atom) 3.Electrons -Located in cloud or shells around the nucleus -Outermost shell of an atom is called the valence shell. -The number of electrons in the valence shell tells us how the atom will bond (with other atoms).

3. Atom drawings… Blue are electrons. Red are protons. White are neutrons. This is a drawing of… Carbon (C). The closest “electron cloud” can only have 2 electrons. Every Other cloud can have UP TO 8 electrons in it.

4. The Octet Rule The octet rule is… -Atoms are most stable (content, happy, not reactive) when their valence (outermost) shells have 8 electrons. The only elements that have eight electrons in their valence shell naturally are the noble gases.

5. STOP for Atomic Structure Activity

6. Noble Gases are on far right

7. The 8 main groups of the periodic table 1 2 3 456 7 8

8. Sodium and Chlorine example: Let’s make a deal! Sodium (Na) had 1 electron in its valence shell and chlorine (Cl) had 7 electrons in its valence shell. They both need 8 electrons in their valence shells to be stable. It was easier for Na to give up 1 electron than try to gain 7 electrons. It was easier for Cl to gain 1 electron than try to lose 7 electrons. So, sodium gave up its 1 electron. The shell below the valence shell already has an octet (8 electrons). Therefore, sodium is now stable. Cl gained 1 electron, so it now has 8 electrons in its valence shell, which makes it stable.

9. 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 Sodium (Group 1) and Chlorine (Group 7)

10. Forming the bond Sodium loses 1 electron so it has one less electron than Neon (Ne). Protons have a positive (+) charge so the Na will have an overall +1 charge because it lost 1 negatively charged electron. This Sodium atom will now be a cation. (Positively charged ion). Na + Chlorine gains one electron so it has one more electron than Argon (Ar). Electrons have a negative (-) charge so the Cl atom will have an overall -1 charge because it gained 1 negatively charged electron. This Chlorine atom will now be an anion (Negatively- charged ion). Cl -

11. Sodium and Chlorine example: Let’s make a deal! (Let’s draw out what happened when Na and Cl formed an ionic bond…) Na: 1 valence electronCl: 7 valence electrons is shown by 1 dotare shown by 7 dots

12. Sodium and Chlorine example: Let’s make a deal! (Let’s draw out what happened when Na and Cl formed an ionic bond…) When they form an ionic bond and exchange electrons, Na loses 1 electron and Cl gains that 1 electron. Now both have 8 in their valence shells (Na had 8 electrons in its next lowest shell)

13. Which elements like to gain or lose electrons? Metals (Groups 1-3) have less than 4 electrons in their valence shells. They would rather lose electrons to form cations. Nonmetals (Groups 5-7) have more than 4 electrons in their valence shells. They would rather gain electrons to form anions.

14. 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 Groups 1-3 want to lose Electrons

15. 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 Groups 5-7 want to Gain Electrons

16. 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 Group 8 is happy how it is (already has a full 8 (Octet))

17. 1 2 3 45 6 7 8 Group 4 can go either way (Gain or lose) depending on the atom …

18. More examples K and F -K (Potassium) is in group 1 so it has 1 valence electron. -F (Flourine) is in group 7 so it has 7 valence electrons. -Which atom will… -lose electrons? _______ How many?________ -gain electrons? _______ How many?_______ Which atom becomes a(n)… -Cation? ___________ -Anion? ____________ K F 1 1 K+K+ F-F-

19. More examples Ca and S -Ca (Calcium) is in group 2 so it has 2 valence electron. -S (Sulfur) is in group 6 so it has 6 valence electrons. -Which atom will… -lose electrons? _______ How many?________ -gain electrons? _______ How many?_______ Which atom becomes a(n)… -Cation? ___________ -Anion? ____________ Ca S 2 2 Ca 2+ S 2-

20. Your turn – Turn this page in! Your name here:________________ Al and N -Al (Aluminum) is in group _____ so it has _____ valence electrons. -N (Nitrogen) is in group ____ so it has ______ valence electrons. -Which atom will… -lose electrons? _______ How many?________ -gain electrons? _______ How many?_______ Which atom becomes a(n)… -Cation? ___________ -Anion? ____________