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Key Concepts… What is Science??? What are the main branches of science??? What is Physical Science???
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I. What is Science? A. Def – a system of knowledge and the methods used to find knowledge. *Science begins with curiosity and often ends with discovery* B. Science and Technology 1. Shatter-proof glass 2. Technology a. Def – use of knowledge to solve practical problems b. What was the “science” in shatter-proof glass? c. What was the “technology”? *Technology and science go hand in hand! d. Ex: electricity led to…computers, tv’s, cell phones, etc.
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II. Branches of Science A. 3 Branches… 1. Physical Science (non-living) physics and chemistry 2. Life Science (living) botany (plants) and ecology (animals) 3. Earth and Space Science (history and origin) geology and astronomy
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Name Class Period wks 1.1 1. Define the term “science”. 2. How is science different than technology? Do they work together? 3. What are the 3 branches of natural science and list two areas from each branch? 4. Is the study of the muscle movements in the human body an example of biology or physics? Explain. *All assignments must have this general setup*
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“The Scientific Method” Key Concepts… What is the goal of the scientific method? How does law differ from theory? Why are models useful?
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I. What is the Scientific Method? (Ex. Pg. 8) A. An organized plan used to help solve a problem. B. The General Idea… -Use your senses. Walking in the rain gets you wet… -Possible answer to a question. The faster your speed in the rain the drier you will be… -Run a controlled experiment. Manipulated Variable-what you change (speed of person in rain). Constants = what stays the same? Only one variable should be changed. -Measure the data accurately. Use the data to answer your hypothesis. Running clothes = less water. Walking clothes = more water. -A well tested explanation for a set of observations Running in the rain gets you less wet than walking. Observations Form a Hypothesis Test Hypothesis Draw Conclusions Develop a Theory
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II. Theories vs. Laws A. Theory – an explanation based on observations and supported by data. 1. ex: Big Bang Theory, Creation Theory, Kinetic Theory of Matter, Atomic Theory of Matter… 2. Can be revised, discarded, or replaced by a new theory with new knowledge. 3. Theory explain why… B. Scientific Law – Is a rule of nature 1. ex: Gravity, Friction, Death… 2. Does not explain why or try to answer. 3. Ex. Gravity – objects fall towards the earth.
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III. Why use a model? A. Make it easier to understand difficult concepts. B. Ex.
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1. What is the goal of the scientific method? 2. How does a law differ from theory? Give an example of both a law and a theory. 3. Why are models useful? 4. A group of students wanted to find out how running affects your pulse rate. What would your hypothesis be? What would the responding variable be in this case?
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“Measurement” Key Concepts… What is scientific notation??? What units do scientists use for their measurements??? What is the SI System and how do we use it???
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Activity (5-7 min) 1. Use a pen/pencil and measure the length of the table you are sitting at. 2. Record your measurement 3. Repeat using a different pen/pencil 4. Record your measurement Think…Why are your measurements different from each other???
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I. Using Scientific Notation A. A way of expressing a number as a value and a power of 10. 1. Why use it??? -easy to use large/small numbers 2. Ex. 400,000,000 3. Ex. 35,300 4. Ex. 0.0000456 5. Ex. 4.58 x 10 -3 4.0 x 10 8 3.53 x 10 4 4.56 x 10 -5 0.00458
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II. Standards of Measurements A. Standard – an exact quantity that people agree on. 1. Ex: a = 12 inches 2. a mile = 5280 feet
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III. Different Systems A. English System – feet, gallons, cups, inches… 1. U.S. only country to use it. B. SI System 1. 1960 by the French 2. Used worldwide 3. Based on powers of 10
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Giga 10 9 1,000,000,000 Mega 10 6 1,000,000 Kilo 10 3 1,000 Hecto 10 2 100 Deka 10 1 10 Base 10 0 1 Deci 10 -1 0.1 Centi 10 -2 0.01 Milli 10 -3 0.001 Micro 10 -6 0.000001 Nano 10 -9 0.000000001
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1. Convert 1.0 m to dm? 10 decimeters 2. A road is 1000 m in length. What is this in km? 1 kilometer 3. A small new planet is found 3 light years away from Earth. If the diameter of this planet is 23,500 meters, how many kilometers is its diameter? 23.5 kilometers
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1. 2.3 mm cm 2. 4.05 km meters 3. 5.7 micrometer mm 4. 10.01 Mm km 5. 0.0003 hm mm 6. 1,234,567 micrometers Mm 7. 1.34 x 10 3 deciliters liters
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“How to Use the S.I. System”
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mg Prefix Unit measured milli gram
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A. Def – the distance between 2 points 1. base unit = meter 2. Examples a. meter, millimeter, hectometer
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Convert: a. 5.0032 meters cm = 500.32 cm b..0034 km mm = 3400 mm c. 4567 dm decameters = 45.67 decameters
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A. Def. – the amount of space occupied 1. formula: length X width X height 2. base unit = liter (liquids); meter (solids) a. **1 cm 3 = 1 ml** 3. solids are always cubed (cm 3, m 3 ) 4. for liquids, use container dimensions to calculate volume 5. is a derived unit which means it is obtained by combining SI units
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A liquid is poured into a container. If the dimensions of the container are 45 cm, 54 cm, and 80 cm what is the volume of the liquid in ml? 194,400 ml The sides of a box are 45 cm, 54 cm, and 0.4 dm. What is the volume of the box in cm 3 ? 9,720 cm 3
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A. Def. – the amount of matter in an object 1. base unit = gram 2. kilograms is used frequently 3. ex: golf ball vs. table tennis ball
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Convert: a. 54 g kg.054 kg b. 3.002 kg mg 3,002,000 mg
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A. Def. – Mass per unit of volume 1. formula: density = mass / volume 2. derived unit of mass and volume
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What is the density of an unknown metal that has a mass of 178.0 grams and a volume of 20.0 mL? ***Remember D=M/V*** 8.9 grams/mL Will this object float in water??? (1.0 g/ml)
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A. Def. – Time is the interval between two events. 1. Base unit = second B. Def. – Temperature is the amount of heat contained in a substance 1. Base unit = Kelvin/Celsius
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a. Celsius Scale – used for most scientific work i. 0 = freezing point of water ii. 100 = boiling point of water iii. 20 = room temperature iv. 37 = body temperature b. Kelvin scale i. 0 on the Kelvin Scale is absolute zero (-273 C.) ii. to convert Celsius to Kelvin add 273 K iii. to convert Kelvin to Celsius subtract 273 K
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The outside temperature is 29 degrees Celsius. What is it in Kelvin? 302 Kelvin A person has a temperature of 313 Kelvin. Does this person have a fever? yes; the body temp is 40 deg C.
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“Graphing” Key Concepts… Why and how do we organize data?
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A. Visual aid – helps us imagine what our data looks like. B. Shows what is going on. C. Compare information D. Makes it easier to understand
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A. Line Graph 1. Useful for showing changes 2. Shows “connectedness” 3. Used with “time” frequently.
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Dependent variable Independent variable
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Direct – As one set of values increases so does the other value. Indirect – As one set of values decrease the other value increases.
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6 th period = 90 points
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B. Bar Graph 1. Used to compare information 2. bars not connected
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What is the most popular temperature? 18 C What is the least popular temperature? 20 C How many rooms were tested at Central Lyon? 13 rooms
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C. Circle / Pie Graph 1. Used to show different parts of a whole. (100%) 2. Great visual tool 3. Can be misleading
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1. Title 2. Labels – x and y axis 3. Legend / Key 4. Always make the graph colorful! 5. Try to use computers if possible
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A survey shows that, in your neighborhood; 75 people ride the bus; 45 drive their own cars; 25 people use a moped; and 5 people walk to school. Make three different graphs to visually display this information. Remember to include title, legend, and any other important information. Use colored pencils or markers.
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“Running an Experiment”
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I. Controlled Experiment A. Def – organized way to test a hypothesis. 1. Only one variable may be changed –standard for comparison –only thing that is different –variable changed = control
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B. Constants 1. Def - Factors that are the same 2. Ex: brand, microwave, # of kernels C. Should be repeated several times D. Draw Conclusions
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II. Variables A. Ind. Variable / manipulated variable 1. Def – Factor adjusted by the experimenter. 2. Ex: Storage of popcorn before it was popped. B. Dep. Variable / Responding variable 1. Response to the Ind. Variable 2. Ex: # of kernels popped
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***The dependent variable depends on the independent variable*** Variable = something that can be changed in an experiment
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# of kernels = # of kernels Freshness = Freshness Brand = Brand Microwave = Microwave Time cooked = Time cooked Storage (room temp) = Storage (In freezer) *What is the manipulated Variable? storage temperature
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