1. Michael P. Kilgard Healing the Human Brain: The Next Medical Revolution University of Texas at Dallas

4. Alzheimer’s Disease Affects 4 million Americans. 12 million predicted by 2040.

5. Hearing Loss 22 million Americans suffer irreversible hearing loss. 1 million are deaf.

6. Migraine and Chronic Pain 75 million Americans with chronic pain.

7. Substance Abuse 22 million Americans are drug or alcohol dependent.

8. Multiple Sclerosis – 400,000 Stroke - 700,000 each year Autism – 500,000 Head Injury - 750,000 each year Schizophrenia – 2,000,000 Epilepsy – 2,500,000 Depression – 19,000,000 Anxiety Disorders – 25,000,000

9. Anxiety disorder due to a general medical condition Panic disorder Phobia Separation anxiety disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder Posttraumatic stress disorder Generalized anxiety disorder Adjustment disorder with anxiety Anxiety disorder not otherwise specified Anxiety No Yes No Yes

10. Electroconvulsive therapy

11. Most neurological and psychiatric disorders are neither preventable nor curable.

13. StaphylococcusStreptococcus

14. Penicillin Alexander Flemming

15. 1877 1928 1942 1960’s Present Pasteur Bacteria Flemming Penicillin 1 st Penicillin Treatment A Brief History of Antibiotics Death due to TB and pneumonia plummets

17. 1877 1928 1942 1960’s Present Pasteur Bacteria Flemming Penicillin 1 st Penicillin Treatment U.S. life expectancy: 47 years 77 years in 1900 today 1796 1952 1977 1998 Jenner Cowpox Salk Polio Smallpox eradicated 1 polio in U.S. 1 diphtheria 34 tetanus 89 measles A Brief History of Antibiotics Death due to TB and pneumonia plummets A Brief History of Antibiotics and Vaccines

19. Easy and Hard Problems of Infectious Disease Staphylococcus vs. HIV / AIDS

20. Revolution 2.0

21. DNA X-ray diffraction pattern - 1952

22. DNAProtein

23. 40,000 genes

25. What’s it all good for?

26. Phenylketonuria and Mental Retardation High blood levels of phenylalanine Abnormal brain development Mental retardation HEREDITY: Defective gene for Phenylalanine hydroxylase ENVIRONMENT: Eating proteins rich in the amino acid phenylalanine

27. Universal Newborn Testing for PKU If positive, change diet

28. Easy and Hard Problems of Molecular Medicine Phenylketonuria vs. Cancer High blood levels of phenylalanine Abnormal brain development Mental retardation HEREDITY: Defective gene for Phenylalanine hydroxylase ENVIRONMENT: Eating proteins rich in the amino acid phenylalanine

29. Revolution 3.0 ?

30. Healing the Brain…

33. Tools of Revolution Pharmacology Genetics Stem cells Functional brain imaging Transcranial magnetic stimulation Deep brain stimulation Computer-based training Psychotherapy

35. Are There Any Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience?

36. Possibly Easy Problem in Clinical Neuroscience Constraint-induced Rehabilitation

37. Relatively Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Pediatric Amblyopia

38. Relatively Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Pediatric Amblyopia Occlusion

39. Relatively Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Pediatric Amblyopia Weakening

40. Relatively Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Pediatric Amblyopia No Recovery

41. Relatively Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Pediatric Amblyopia Reverse Patch

42. Relatively Easy Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Pediatric Amblyopia Restoration

43. Solvable Problems in Clinical Neuroscience Deafness

44. Hearing Loss 22 million Americans suffer irreversible hearing loss. 1 million are deaf.

45. 16 channel rechargeable implantable pulse generator for treatment of chronic pain ANS – Plano, Texas Engineering Solutions to Neuroscience Problems

46. Cyberonics - Houston, Texas Vagus Nerve Stimulation Epilepsy, Depression 32,000 patients Engineering Solutions to Neuroscience Problems

47. Basal Ganglia Circuit X Parkinson’s Disease

50. Engineering Solutions to Neuroscience Problems 30,000 people

51. MRI and x-ray showing stimulating electrodes in thalamus of a patient with Parkinson’s Disease

52. Other tools Optical Imaging

53. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Other tools

54. What are the hallmarks of curable disorders? Single Cause Feedback or

55. Insult Dysfunction Disuse Neural Weakening

56. Stroke Motor Dysfunction Disuse Neural Weakening

57. MCI Cognitive Dysfunction Isolation Neural Weakening

58. Autism Language Dysfunction Isolation Neural Weakening

59. Today most neurological and psychiatric disorders are neither preventable nor curable. How will the world look when they are?

60. Medicine - Lifespan - Quality of Life Education - Level the field - Improved efficiency The coming Brain Revolution will significantly alter: Economy - Improved efficiency - New designs Justice System - Culpability - Treatment Philosophy - Greater understanding

61. Reprogramming the Human Brain Symposium April 12 -13, 2007 Thanks to: