1. Infection Control

2. Basic Principals of Infection Control
How disease is transmitted and the main ways to prevent transmission.
Microorganisms are small living organisms invisible to the naked eye
Two types of microorganisms
1. Pathogens
2. Nonpathogens

3. What are microorganisms?
Microorganisms are small living organisms invisible to the naked eye
There are five classes of microorganisms
Bacteria, protozoa, fungi, rickettsiae,
and viruses.

4. Classifications of microorganisms
Bacteria –
cocci round MRSA, strepthroat
bacilli rods i.e. TB, pertussis, botulism
spirilla spirals i.e. syphilis, cholera
Protozoa- one cell animal-like i.e. malaria
Fungi – plant-like organisms i.e. Yeasts, molds i.e. Ringworm, thrush etc.

5. Microorganisms (cont.)
Rickettsiae- parasitic i.e. Lice, ticks, fleas
Viruses - cannot reproduce without a cell,
major risk to healthcare workers and are
blood borne:
Examples of viruses, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis B, HIV.

6. Factors for Growth of Microorganisms
Most prefer warm, moist or wet, dark environment i.e. the human body
Oxygen needs vary
anaerobic no oxygen
aerobic needs oxygen

7. Pathogenic microorganisms
Cause diseases in different ways
produce poisons toxins
allergic reactions
attack and destroy the cells
antibiotics are effective against bacteria not against viruses

8. Classes of Diseases and Infections
Endogenous
inside the body
i.e. tumors, congenital disorders
Exogenous
outside the body
i.e. trauma, electric shock

9. Classes of Diseases and Infections (cont)
Nosocomial
acquired in healthcare facilities
i.e. Staph MRSA, pseudomonas
Opportunistic
infections that only affect the
immunosuppressed
i.e. Kaposi’s sarcoma, pneumocystis carnii

10. Chain of Infection
Causative agent (pathogen, bacteria, virus)
Reservoir (place to live) i.e. human body.
Portal of exit (the way the pathogen escapes) i.e. urine, feces, secretions
Mode of transmission (transmitted to a reservoir or a host)
Direct or Indirect

11. Mode of Transmissions
Direct
person to person
sexual
contaminated hands
Indirect
touching contaminated equipment
breathing droplets
insect bites

12. anyone who can contract the disease weak immune systems
Chain of Infection (cont.)
Portal of Entry
a way to enter a new host or new reservoir i.e. respiratory tract, breaks in the skin etc.
Susceptible Host
anyone who can contract the disease
weak immune systems
anyone with a breakdown in defense
mechanisms

13. Infectious Agent
Portal of Exit
Reservoir
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host

14. Ending the chain
Breaking the chain
Use aseptic technique
asepsis
Best is hand washing
Levels or types of asepsis
antiseptics, disinfection, sterilization
Antiseptics used in healthcare alcohol
and betadine

15. Bacteria
One celled organism
Multiply rapidly
Classified by shape:

16. Cocci Round or spherical in shape Types:
Diplococci-occur in pairs-cause gonorrhea, meningitis and pneumonia

17. Diplococci
Occur in pairs-cause gonorrhea, meningitis and pneumonia

18. Streptococci
Occur in chains
Cause-strep throat

19. Staphylococci Occur in clusters or groups
Most common pyogenic(pus producing)
Cause- boils, wound infections and toxic shock

20. Bacilli Rod shaped Occur singly, pairs or in chains
Many have flagella which are threadlike projections that allow them to move
Can form spores (thick walled capsules) when conditions for growth are poor which make them DIFFICULT to kill!!!
Cause-tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis (whopping cough)

21. Spirilla
Spiral or corkscrew in shape
Cause-syphilis and cholera

22. Protozoa One celled animal-like organisms
Found in decayed materials and contaminated water
May have flagella
Cause-malaria, trichomonas

23. Fungi Simple plant-like organisms that live on dead organic matter
Yeast and molds are common forms
Cause-ringworm, athletes foot, yeast vaginitis and thrush

24. Rickettsiae Parasitic Microorganisms
Cannot live outside the cells of another living organism
Found in fleas, lice, ticks and mites
Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects
Cause-Typhus Fever, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

25. Viruses Smallest microorganisms
Cannot reproduce unless inside another living cell
Spread from human to human by blood or other body secretions
Resistant to many disinfectants and not affected by antibiotics
Cause-Common cold, measles, chickenpox herpes, warts, influenza

26. 3 Viruses of Major Concern
Hepatitis B-transmitted by blood, serum and other body fluids-affects the liver-has a vaccine
Hepatitis C-transmitted by blood and blood containing body fluids-no symptoms or flu like symptoms-cause liver damage-vaccine being developed
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-caused by HIV virus-suppresses immune system-no cure or vaccine