1. Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, and Non-living Infectious Particles Introduction to Microbiology Common Pathogens

2. The Prokaryotes

3. Proteobacteria All Gram-negative Many pathogens. Also organisms that do nitrogen fixation Most use flagella for movement; some non- motile or use gliding motility Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon

4. Alphaproteobacteria Rickettsiaceae; Cell Symbionts

5. Bartonella – causes cat scratch disease

6. Betaproteobacteria Aerobic or facultative bacteria that are often highly versatile in their degradation capacities Contains mostly human pathogens – Example: Neisseria species.

7. Figure 24.7 The Betaproteobacteria Bordetella – Chemoheterotrophic; rods – B. pertussis Burkholderia – Nosocomial infections

8. Gammaproteobateria Class of several medically, ecologically and scientifically important groups of bacteria Includes Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio species (Cholera), E. coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, etc.

9. Figure 11.7 The Gammaproteobacteria Pseudomonadales – Pseudomonas Opportunistic pathogens Metabolically diverse Polar flagella

10. Figure 11.8 The Gammaproteobacteria Vibrionales – Found in coastal water Vibrio cholerae causes cholera V. parahaemolyticus causes gastroenteritis

11. The Gammaproteobacteria Enterobacteriales (enterics) – Peritrichous flagella; facultatively anaerobic Enterobacter Erwinia Escherichia Klebsiella Proteus Salmonella Serratia Shigella Yersinia

12. Figure 11.9b More Gammaproteobacteria

13. Yersinia Pestis – causative agent of the Black Plague

14. Yersinia enterocolitica Causes Yersinosis; enterocolitis. Zoonotic disease.

15. Figure 11.12 The Epsilonproteobacteria Helicobacter – Multiple flagella – Peptic ulcers – Stomach cancer

16. Epsilonproteobacteria Mainly the curved/spirilla Most of the known species inhabit the digestive tract of animals and serve as symbionts or pathogens( – Helicobacter spp. in the stomach – Campylobacter spp. in the duodenum.

17. Epsilonproteobacteria Campylobacter jejuni – causes food borne intestinal illness.

18. Gram-Positive Bacteria - Firmicutes Low G + C Gram-positive

19. Figure 11.15 Clostridiales Gram positive; spore producers; obilgate anaerobes Clostridium

20. Gangrene – caused by C. perfringens

21. Figure 11.18 Bacillales Gram positive; aerobic of facultative anaerobes; Bacillus, Listeria and Staphylococcus Staphylococcus – Cocci

22. Staph Infection

23. [Insert Figure 11.19] Figure 11.19 Lactobacillales Generally aerotolerant anaerobes; lack an electron- transport chain – Lactobacillus – Streptococcus – Enterococcus – Listeria

24. Actinobacteria High G + C Gram-positive

25. Actinobacteria Actinomyces Corynebacterium Frankia Gardnerella Mycobacterium Nocardia Propionibacterium Streptomyces

26. Figure 11.24b Chlamydias obligate intacelluar parasites; unique life cycles Chlamydia trachomatis – Trachoma – STI, urethritis Chlamydophila pneumoniae Chlamydophila psittaci – Psittacosis

27. Figure 11.24a Life Cycle of the Chlamydias

28. Figure 11.25 Spirochetes All posses axial filaments Borrelia Leptospira Treponema

29. Bacteroidetes Gram negative, non-sporeforming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria that are widely distributed in the environment, including in soil, in sediments, sea water and in the guts and on the skin of animals. Bacteroides are found in the mouth and large intestine Cytophaga: Cellulose-degrading in soil

30. Figure 11.26 Fusobacteria -Fusobacterium is a Gram- negative non-sporeforming bacterium that is widely known and studied as a human and animal pathogen. -Fusobacterium's exceptional ability to adhere with both Gram- negative and Gram- positive plaque microorganisms in biofilms (specifically in soft tissue) has made it a highly invasive pathogen. - Primarily given attention for its peridontal implications -Strains of Fusobacterium have been identified as pathogen to many parts of the body

31. Domain Archaea Extremophiles Hyperthermophiles – Pyrodictium – Sulfolobus Methanogens – Methanobacterium Extreme halophiles – Halobacterium

32. Microbial Diversity PCR indicates up to 10,000 bacteria per gram of soil. Many bacteria have not been identified because they – Haven't been cultured – Need special nutrients – Are a part of complex food chains requiring the products of other bacteria – Need to be cultured to understand their metabolism and ecological role

33. The Eukaryotes: Fungi, Algae, Protozoa, and Helminths

34. KingdomFungi Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityAll, except yeasts Cellular Arrangement Unicellular, filamentous, fleshy Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive Characteristic FeaturesSexual and asexual spores Embryo FormationNone Mycology is the study of fungi Fungi

35. Figure 12.2 Molds The fungal thallus consists of hyphae; a mass of hyphae is a mycelium.

36. Figure 12.3 Yeasts Unicellular fungi Fission yeasts divide symmetrically Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically

37. Figure 12.4 Fungal Dimorphism Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are yeastlike at 37°C and moldlike at 25°C

38. Medically Important Phyla of Fungi Zygomycota – saprophtyic molds (bread mold); mucor Ascomycota – sac fungi; Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus Anamorphs – produce asexual spores only; ringworm (tinea) and dermatophytes – Basidiomycota – club fungi – Teleomorphic fungi – produce sexual and asexual spores Cryptococcus (yeast-like state causes disease)

39. Zycomycota - Mucormycosis

40. Dermatophyte – capable of utilizing keratin

41. Cryptococcus

42. Aspergillosis

43. Candidiasis

44. KingdomProtist Nutritional TypePhotoautotroph MulticellularitySome Cellular Arrangement Unicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues Food Acquisition MethodDiffusion Characteristic FeaturesPigments Embryo FormationNone Algae

45. Diatoms – produce neurotoxins

46. Figure 12.13 Dinoflagellates Cellulose in plasma membrane Unicellular Chlorophyll a and c, carotene, xanthins Store starch Some are symbionts in marine animals Neurotoxins cause paralytic shellfish poisoning

47. Figure 12.14 Oomycota Decomposers and plant parasites – Phytophthora infestans responsible for Irish potato blight – P. cinnamoni infects Eucalyptus – P. ramorum causes sudden oak death

48. KingdomProtist Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityNone Cellular ArrangementUnicellular Food Acquisition MethodAbsorptive; ingestive Characteristic FeaturesMotility; some form cysts Embryo FormationNone Protozoa

49. Medically Important Phyla of Protozoa Archaezoa Microspora Amoebozoa Apicomplexa Ciliophora Euglenozoa

50. Figure 12.16b Archaezoa No mitochondria Multiple flagella Giardia lamblia Trichomonas vaginalis (no cyst stage)

51. Figure 12.16c, d Archaezoa

52. Microspora Opportunistic parasites. Intracelluar development and spore formation Microsporidia

53. Figure 12.17a Amoebozoa Move by pseudopods Entamoeba Acanthamoeba

54. Apicomplexa Nonmotile Intracellular parasites Complex life cycles Plasmodium Babesia Cryptosporidium Cyclospora

55. 2 3 6 7 8 Figure 12.18 The Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivax

56. Clinical Focus, p. 355 Cryptosporidium

57. Figure 12.19 Ciliates Move by cilia Complex cells Balantidium coli is the only human parasite

58. Figure 12.20 Euglenozoa Move by flagella Euglenoids – Photoautotrophs

59. Figure 23.22 Euglenozoa Move by flagella Hemoflagellates – Trypanosoma spp. Sleeping sickness Chagas’ disease

60. KingdomAnimalia Nutritional TypeChemoheterotroph MulticellularityAll Cellular ArrangementTissues and organs Food Acquisition MethodIngestive; absorptive Characteristic FeaturesElaborate life cycles Embryo FormationAll Helminths

61. Helminths (Parasitic Worms) Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) – Tissue and blood flukes Class: Cestodes (tapeworms) – Phylum: Nematoda (roundworms)

62. Characteristics of Helminths Reduced digestive system Reduced nervous system Reduced locomotion Complex reproduction

63. Figure 12.25 The Life Cycle of Trematodes

64. Figure 12.26 Cestodes, or Tapeworms

65. Human as Definitive Host – parasite reaches maturity Taenia saginataCysticerci in beef muscle Intermediate Host – only some of the parasite’s developmental stages are complete Echinococcus granulosus Adult in dog

66. Figure 12.28 Nematodes

67. Figure 12.29 The Heartworm Dirofilaria immitis

68. Ascaris and Pinworm

69. Arthropods as Vectors May transmit diseases (vectors) Kingdom: Animalia – Phylum: Arthropoda (exoskeleton, jointed legs) Class: Insecta (6 legs) – Lice, fleas, mosquitoes Class: Arachnida (8 legs) – Mites and ticks

70. Figure 12.31 Arthropods as Vectors

71. Viruses Obligatory intracellular parasites Contain DNA or RNA Contain a protein coat Some are enclosed by an envelope Some viruses have spikes Most viruses infect only specific types of cells in one host Host range is determined by specific host attachment sites and cellular factors

72. Structure Figure 13.2a Nucleic acid – DNA or RNA Capsid – Capsomeres Envelope Spikes

73. Figure 13.3 Morphology of an Enveloped Virus

74. Figure 13.4 Morphology of a Helical Virus

75. Figure 13.5 Morphology of a Complex Virus

76. Taxonomy of Viruses Family names end in -viridae. Genus names end in -virus. Viral species: A group of viruses sharing the same genetic information and ecological niche (host). Common names are used for species. Subspecies are designated by a number.

77. Figure 13.6 Growing Viruses Viruses must be grown in living cells – Bacteriophages form plaques on a lawn of bacteria

78. Figure 13.7 Growing Viruses Animal viruses may be grown in living animals or in embryonated eggs

79. Virus Identification Cytopathic effects Serological tests – Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient – Use antibodies to identify viruses in neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination, and Western blot Nucleic acids – RFLPs – PCR

80. The Lytic Cycle 1 2 3 Figure 13.11

81. 4 The Lytic Cycle Continued

82. Figure 13.12 The Lysogenic Cycle

83. Oncogenic Viruses – Viruses that can induce cancer Oncogenic DNA viruses – Adenoviridae – Herpesviridae – Poxviridae – Papovaviridae – Hepadnaviridae Oncogenic RNA viruses – Retroviridae – Viral RNA is transcribed to DNA, which can integrate into host DNA – HTLV-1 (Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus; linked to leukemia) – HTLV-2 (Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus; linked to hairy cell leukemia)

84. Virus remains in asymptomatic host cell for long periods – Cold sores, shingles Latent Viral Infections Figure 13.21

85. Disease processes occurs over a long period; generally is fatal – Subacute sclerosing panencephalit is (measles virus) Persistent Viral Infections Figure 13.21

86. Prions Proteinaceous Infectious particle Inherited and transmissible by ingestion, transplant, and surgical instruments – Spongiform encephalopathies: Sheep scrapie, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Sträussler- Scheinker syndrome, Kuru, fatal familial insomnia, mad cow disease

87. Normal Protein vs. Prion

88. Scrapie

89. Creutzfeldt-Jakob