2. Chemistry Lab Equipment

3.  Beakers

4.  Wide mouth gas collecting bottles with glass plates

5.  Test tube brushes

6.  Flint Burner Lighter

7.  Crucible and Lid

8.  Graduated Cylinder

9.  Evaporating Dish

10.  Medicine droppers

11.  Erlenmeyer Flask

12.  Chemical Forceps

13.  Glass Funnel

14.  Red and Blue Litmus Paper

15.  Spot Plate

16.  Micro Spatula and Scoop Spatula

17.  Plastic Spoon

18.  Stirring Rods

19.  Hand Test Tube Holder

20.  Test Tube Rack and Small Test Tubes

21.  Standard Test Tubes

22.  Watch Glass

23.  Beaker Tongs

24.  Bunsen Burner

25.  Crucible Tongs

26.  Lab Apron (Folded)

27.  Ring Stand and Clamps

28.  Plastic Test Tube Rack

29.  Water Trough for Collecting Gas

30.  Wire Gauze with Ceramic Center

31.  Wire Triangle with Porcelain

32.  Centigram Balance

33.  Analytical Balances

34.  Buret on ring stand

35.  Combustion spoon

36.  Desiccator

37.  Florence flask

38.  Gas collecting tube

39.  Mortar and Pestle

40.  Pipets and Pipet bulb

41.  Thermometers

42.  Triangular file for glass cutting

43.  Wash bottle

44.  Volumetric flasks

45.  Separatory funnel

46.  Buchner funnel and side arm filter flask

47. Mathematics of Chem SI Prefixes can be used with SI bases to form units that are than the base unit by multiples of 10. PrefixSymbolMultiply root by MegaM1,000,000 Kilok 1,000 Hectoh 100 dekadk 10 BASEg,l,m 1 deci d.1 centic.01 milli micro nano m μ n 0.0011/1000.000001 1/1000000.000000001

48. Using dimensional analysis to convert from one unit to the next Example – How many minutes are in 3 hours? 3 hours60 min hour X = 180 min Only unit left is the unit we want as our final answer Hours cancel out conversion factor

49. How many hours are in 230 minutes? 230 minutes 60 min hour We want hours in the numerator, and we want minutes to cancel out Flip the conversion factor 60 min hour Hour 60 min same as 230 minutes Hour 60 min X = 230 hours 60 = 3.8 hours

50. Ex. 0.19 cm = ? m 0.19 cmx 1 m 100 cm This is a conversion factor!!! The top and the bottom number are the same amount!! Ex. 37 mg = ? g 37 mgx 1g 1000 mg

51. Ex. 37 mg = ? kg 37 mgx 1 g 1000 mg x 1 kg 1000 g Practice 9.923 km = ? m 232 ml = ? dkl 320 hr = ? sec Sometimes it is easier to use more than one conversion factor!!!

52. If we sell 2 cars per hour, and we make a profit of $100 for every three cars, how much can we make in 3 hours? STEPS 1.Write out all the numbers with the units 2. Write out the units for the answer 3. Flip the fractions to allow the units to cancel out 4. Multiply and divide 2 cars hour $ 100 3 cars 3 hours= $ $ 200

53. If there are 5 oranges in a box, and each orange weighs 0.5 pounds, and the price is $1.25 per pound, how many boxes can we buy with $3.00? 5 oranges 1 box orange 0.5 lbs $1.25 lb $3.00 0.96 boxes What are the conversion factors?

54. Accuracy- How close a measurement is to an accepted value - BP of water is 100 C Precision- How well a measurement can be repeated - Measurements are very close to one another Ex. 1.11, 1.12, 1.10 Uncertainty in Measurement When taking measurements, measure to the furthest confirmed data point and then estimate one more. The last digit is uncertain.

55. All measurements vary in their degree of accuracy. 1 M 1.1 M 1.12 M More accurate Signigicant Figures More sig.figs. =More accurate measurement When making measurements, we are certain of all numbers except the last - the numbers known with certainty plus one uncertain number

56. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7cm Measure the length as accurately as possible We know it is between 6 and 7, so we can guess it is 6.6 cm long a. 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 b. 46 o C 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 c. 1.54 ml

57. The last digit is uncertain. We have to make an educated guess as to its value!!! Why is it uncertain? 1) Limits of the measuring device 2) Human error

58. Rules for Counting Sig Figs in a measurement 1. All nonzero digits are significant -They are always part of the measurement 2. Zeros are significant except in two cases a. When there is no decimal, the ending zeros are not significant 21015,00010,000 2 sig figs2 sig figs1 sig figs Ex. 5.37 3 s.d. 40.293 5 s.d.

59. b. With numbers less than 1, the beginning zeros are not significant 0.2150.00250.00520 3 sig figs Practice - determine the number of sig figs in the following numbers 43273065.084000.0045010.850101.0 3232434 Calculating with Sig Figs 1. Adding and subtracting 1.) Add or subtract normally 2 sig figs3 sig figs 2.) Round sum or difference so that it has the same number of decimal places as number having the fewest

60. 632.6 2.71 +43.71 76.952 + 4 635.31635.3 124.662125 2. Multiplication and Division Multiply or divide normally, then round off to the LEAST NUMBER OF SIG FIGS 16.0 x 2.0 32.0 3 sig figs 2 sig figs The answer can only have 2 sig figs 32 18.00 9.00 = The answer can only have 3 sig figs 4 sig figs 3 sig figs 2.00

61. Examples - Perform the following calculations, then leave your answer in the proper number of sig figs. a. 47.0 + 2.938 = b. 63.8 x 2.0 = c. 1,400  2.00 = d. 6.35 + 2.9314 + 120 = e. 0.250 x 120.0 = 49.93849.9 127.6130 700700. 129.2814130 3030.0 f. (1.2 x 10 3 )(6.4 x 10 4 ) = 7.68 x 10 7 7.7 x 10 7

62. Scientific Notation A x 10 n A is a number between 1 and 10 n is an integer 10 1 = 10 10 0 = 1 10 -1 =.1 So a number written in S.N. could look like 2.2 x 10 1 =5.88 x 10 -1 =22.588

63. Why do it? 602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 Easier to write as 6.02 x 10 23 Positive Exponent= number of times decimal is moved to the right Negative Exponent= number of times decimal is moved to the left - The bigger the negative the smaller the number - in scientific notation all numbers written in first factor are significant

64. Multiplication and Division with Scientific Notation Multiplication 1. Multiply ordinary parts of number 2. Add exponents 3. Express answer with proper form ( only one number to the left of the decimal point) 4. Make sure the answer has same number of sig. Figs as factor with the least. Ex.2.40 x 10 4 x 6.3 x 10 2 15.120 x 10 6 NOPE!!! 1.5120 x 10 7 Not yet!! 1.5 x 10 7 Absolutely!!!

65. Division 1. Divide first factors 2. Subtract exponent in denominator from exponent in numerator 3. Express in proper form ( 1 digit left of decimal ) 4. Make sure proper number of sig. figs Ex. 6.4 x 10 6 1.7 x 10 2 3.8 x 10 4

66. Addition and Subtraction 1. Manipulate the numbers so that they have the same exponents 2. Add/subtract the first numbers and then add the x by 10 n to the power 3. Make sure answer is in proper scientific notation, don’t worry about sig figs. Ex. (8.41 x 10 3 ) + (9.71 x 10 4 ) = (6.3 x 10 -2 ) – (2.1 x 10 -1 )