1. Prokaryote Diversity and Biology

2. I. Classification A. The Original 5 Kingdom system 1. Monera (Prokaryotic, unicellular) 2. Protista (Eukaryotic, unicellular) 3. Fungi (Eukaryotic, uni or multi C) 4. Plantae (Eukaryotic, multicellular) 5. Animalia (Eukaryotic, multicellular)

3. I. Classification B. The Modern 3-Domain System 1. Archaea - Primitive extremes Prokaryotic 2. Prokarya - Bacteria 3. Eukarya Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia

4. I. Classification C. Comparing Archaea and Bacteria Archaea Bacteria Nucleus?AbsentAbsent Membrane lipidsBranchedUnBranched PeptidoglycanAbsentPresent RNA PolymeraseSeveral kinds 1 kind IntronsPresentAbsent AntibioticNot sensitive Sensitive

5. II. Prokaryote Origins A. First fossils - 3.5 billion years ago No other life until 1.5 bya

6. II. Prokaryote Origins B. Original forms appear to have been Anaeorbic

7. III. Prokaryote Structure A. Lack membrane bound nucleus Lack membrane bound organelles

8. III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 1. Cocci - Spherical

9. III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 2. Bacilli - rod shaped

10. III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 3. Spirilla - spiral shaped

12. III. Prokaryote Structure B. Basic shapes 4. Other terms Staphylo - clusters Strepto - chains Spirochetes - long spirals

13. III. Prokaryote Structure C. Prokaryote flagellum - movement Protein structure Attached by rotary rings ; uses a propeller movement.

16. III. Prokaryote Structure D. Short thin extensions - pili (pilus) Sticks bacteria to eachother and other surfaces Sex pili - exchange genes during sexual reproduction

17. III. Prokaryote Structure E. Endospores - long term dormancy

18. III. Prokaryote Structure F. Actinomycetes - branching chain colonies

19. IV. Prokaryote Nourishment A. Autotrophs - make own food Photoautotrophs - photosynthesis Chemoautotrophs - chemosynthesis Hydrogen sulfide

20. IV. Prokaryote Nourishment B. Heterotrophs Photoheterotrophs - both Chemoheterotrophs - both Saprophytes - feed off the dead Parasites - feed off a living host

21. V. The Domain Archaea A. Recent Discovery!

23. V. The Domain Archaea B. Radical Proteins - somewhat mysterious

24. V. The Domain Archaea C. Cells walls - different chemical components No peptidoglycan

25. V. The Domain Archaea D. Membranes have unique structure

26. V. The Domain Archaea E. tRNA has unique structure

28. V. The Domain Archaea F. Types 1. Euryarcaeota Methanogens - anaerobic Waste material - methane Habitat - swamp bottoms and animal guts

29. V. The Domain Archaea F. Types Euryarcaeota Halophiles - extreme salty habitats

31. V. The Domain Archaea F. Types 2. Crenarcaeota Extreme thermophiles

38. V. The Domain Archaea F. Types 3. Korarchaeota Very little known - recent discovery

39. VI. The Domain Prokarya (bacteria) A. Bacterial types and classification 1. Proteobacteria Gram-negative Large diverse group

40. A. Bacterial types and classification 2. Clamydias Gram-negative Parasites in animals Lack peptidoglycan

41. A. Bacterial types and classification 3. Spirochetes Spiral shape Includes syphilis and Lyme

42. A. Bacterial types and classification 4. Gram-Positive Bacteria Large diverse group Includes anthrax, botulism staphyococcus and strepto...

44. A. Bacterial types and classification 5. Actinobacteria Very large – 30 families Bacilli Often filamentous Most harmless – found in soil & plants Exception – Mycobacteria (TB) Many useful – Antibiotic production Dairy products

45. A. Bacterial types and classification 6. Cyanobacteria Blue-green bacteria Photoautotrophic Aquatic

47. B. Bacteria and Disease 1. Organisms causing disease - pathogen 2. Germ Theory of Disease Diseases are caused by micro- organisms. Louis Pasteur

48. 3. Bacterial pathogens release poisons These cause disease symptoms Exotoxins - Proteins secreted out most dangerous Botulism, staph infections

49. B. Bacteria and Disease Endotoxins - components of bacterial cell wall

50. B. Bacteria and Disease 4. Medical treatment - antibiotics

51. B. Bacteria and Disease 5. Koch’s Postulates - 1876 Criteria to prove the causative agent of a disease

52. B. Bacteria and Disease 4. Koch’s Postulates - 1876 a. Same pathogen must be found in each victim host b. Pathogen must be isolated from a host and grown in culture c. Cultured pathogen must produce the same disease in an experimental host d. Same pathogen must be isolated from the experimental host after the disease develops.

53. V. Microbiology techniques A. Aseptic Technique - A standardized procedure for handling, transfering, and culturing micro-organisms

54. V. Microbiology techniques B. Culturing Bacteria 1. Sterilization 2. Isolation - To isolate a single cell for culturing Provide culture environment Streak plate method Streak with inoculating loop 4 sections Flame loop between

55. 3. Culture media Bacteria grown on agar gel Agar saturated with nutrient media Defined media pure chemicals, exact compostion Complex media - natural sources called broth examples - blood, beef, yeast casein (milk protein) Nutrient broth - prepared mixture Luria broth (lb)

56. C. Bacterial staining methods Gram stain - 1884 1. Primary stain - Gentian violet Makes all bacteria purple 2. Mordant - sets the stain - iodine 3. Decolorization - ethanol gram negative bacteria - lose color gram positive - retain color 4. Counterstain - Safranin (red) gram negative - pink gram positive - deep purple