1. Unit 13 Infection Control
Pages

2. Understanding IC
Microorganisms = microbes and must be seen with a microscope
Nonpathogens = ( normal flora ) which are microbes that are beneficial to us and certain body processes
Pathogens = microbes that can cause disease
RARE= Sometimes nonpathogens can become pathogens when the bodies immune system is compromised or if the nonpathogen enters an area where the body is not used to it

3. Bacteria ( Cocci ) Simple and one celled Multiply Rapidly
Diplococci = (paired) Gonorrhea, Meningitis, and Pneumonia
Streptococci = (chained) Strep Throat
Staphylococci = (clustered) Staph Infections, Boils, Wound Infections, Toxic Shock

4. Bacteria ( Bacilli ) Rod Shaped w/wout Flagella
In Spore Form hard to kill
Tuberculosis, Tetanus, Pertussis (Whooping Cough), Botulism, Diptheria, and Typhoid.

5. Bacteria (Spirilla) Comma Shaped = Vibrio
Corkscrew Shaped = Spirochete
Syphilis and Cholera

6. Common Treatment of Bacteria
Antibiotics are used to kill Bacteria
Over a period of years and lack of new Antibiotics, some forms of Bacteria have become immune to the antibiotics we use today

7. Protozoa
One Celled animal like often found in decaying materials and contaminated water
Some can cause Malaria, Amebic Dysentery, Trichomonas, and African Sleeping Sickness

8. Fungi
Simple plant like organisms that usually live on dead organic matter
Yeasts and Molds are two common forms that can be pathogenic
Ringworm, Tinea Pedis, Histoplasmosis,Yeast Vaginitis, and Thrush
* Antibiotics Do Not Kill Fungus
Antifungal Meds are very expensive and you have to take them for a very long time and watch for liver damage

9. Rickettsia Parasite in nature and cannot live outside the host
Found in Fleas, Lice, Ticks, and Mites
Typhus Fever and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Antibiotics are used for treatment

10. VIRUS Smallest and only visible w Electron Microscope
Cannot Reproduce unless in the host cell
Spread Human to Human by blood and body secretions
Viruses are very hard to kill because they are resistant to many disinfectants and not affected by antibiotics
Common Cold, Measles, Mumps, Chicken Pox, Herpes, Warts, Influenza, and Polio

11. VIRUS HBV
Hepatitis B ( Blood Borne ) HBV that affects the liver and can lead to permanent damage and scarring
S/S Fever, Pain, Flu-Like Symptoms, ???
Vaccine does exist and is mandatory in Healthcare Facilities

12. VIRUS HCV Hepatitis C Virus
Blood to Blood and Blood Containing Body Fluids
Many are Asymptomatic
Most are Vague like HBV
Can cause very serious liver damage
No current vaccine
Both HCV and HBV can survive on surfaces for several days

13. AIDS and HIV Suppresses the Immune System
Cannot fight infections or cancers
Nonpathogens can become pathogenic in nature
No Cure
Vaccine is currently being trialed
EVERYONE is at Risk in the Healthcare Environment

14. Microorganisms Aerobic ( Needs O2) Anaerobic ( Does Not Need 02)
Some pathogens produce toxins that can damage the nervous system
Others can cause an allergic response
Others can seek and destroy living cells

15. Infection and Disease Class
Endogenous Originates in the body
Metabolic Disorders
Congenital Abnormalities
Tumors
Infections caused within the body

16. Exogenous originates outside the body
Pathogens that attack the body
Radiation
Chemical Agents
Trauma
Electric Shock
Temperature Extremes

17. Nosocomial Acquired in the Hospital or Healthcare Facility
Usually transmitted from the Healthcare Worker to the patients
Many are Antibiotic Resistant
Can be Life Threatening

18. Opportunistic Infections that occur when the body is weakened
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
Pneumocycstis Carinii Pneumonia

19. Conditions for Spreading
Causative Agent
Reservoir ( can include Fomites )
Portal of Exit
Mode of Transmission
Portal of Entry
Susceptible Host

20. 1 Causative Agent
The pathogen, bacteria, fungus, or virus that can cause infection

21. 2 Reservoir It must find a place to live Human Body Animals
Environment
Fomites = objects contaminated with the infection like doorknobs, bedpans, urinals, linens, instruments, etc..

22. 3 Portal of Exit
The organism must have a way to escape to reservior it has been growing in
In Humans pathogens leave through urine, feces, saliva, blood, tears, mucous discharge, sexual secretions, and draining wounds

23. 4 Mode of Transmission
A way in which it can be transmitted to another reservoir or host where it can live
Transmission:
Person to Person
Direct contact with Secretions
Contaminated Hands (#1)
Indirect Contact = food, air, soil, insects, feces, clothing, instruments, & equipment

24. 5 Portal of Entry A way to enter the new host or reservoir
Breaks in the Skin
Breaks in the Mucous Membrane
Respiratory Tract
Digestive Tract
Genitourinary Tract
Circulatory System
Normal Healthy Adults usually fight off causative agents

25. Body Defenses
Mucous Membranes = Lines the Respiratory, Digestive, and Reproductive Tracts and traps pathogens
Cilia = Tiny hairlike structures that line the respiratory tract and propel pathogens out of the body
Coughing and Sneezing
Hydrochloric Acid = Destroys pathogens in the stomach

26. Body Defenses
Tears in the Eye = Contain Bacteriocidal Chemicals and flush the eye
Fever
Inflammation = leukocytes, or WBC, respond and destroy pathogens
Immune Response = Body produces antibodies (proteins that combat pathogens, and protective chemicals secreted by cells, such as interferon and complement)

27. 6 Susceptible Host
If the body defenses are weak or the pathogen too numerous, then the host is susceptible to invasion
When all of the Factors – 1-6 are in place, it is known as the Chain of Infection
If any of the links in the Chain of Infection are broken, then the transmission can be prevented

28. Asepsis Major way to break the Chain of Infection
Defined as the absence of disease-producing organisms or pathogens
Any object or area that may contain a pathogen is considered contaminated
Asepsis is designed to eliminate and/or prevent contamination

29. Common Aseptic Techniques
Handwashing
Good Personal Hygiene
Use of Disposable Gloves
Proper Cleaning of Equipment
Proper Cleaning of Instruments
Thorough Cleaning of the Environment

30. Levels of Asepsis
Antisepsis =Prevents or Inhibits growth of pathogens but not spores and viruses. Can be used on the skin. Examples Alcohol, Betadine, and Listerine
Disinfection =Destroys or kills pathogens, but not always effective against spores and viruses. Chemical and can be used on surfaces. Bleach and Zephirin
Sterilization =Destroys ALL microbes. Usually steam under pressure, gas, radiation, and chemicals. Instruments for surgery are usually autoclaved and chemically rinsed

31. Handwashing ( 15-30 Seconds)
When you arrive to work
Before and After every Patient Contact
Anytime your hands become soiled
Before and After Donning Gloves
Before and After Specimen Collection
After Picking Up Trash, Using the Bathroom, Coughing, Sneezing
B/A Eating, Drinking, Smoking, Applying Lip Balm, Inserting or Removing Contacts

32. Chain of Infection Draw your own Chain of Infection from page 303
Remember to make sure you have all the definitions listed on page 298
Remember to always WASH YOUR HANDS!!!!!!!!!!

33. Standard Precautions
Rules developed by the CDC to prevent the transmission and contraction of pathogens.
Every body fluid must be considered a potentially infectious material, and all patients must be considered potential sources of infection, regardless of their disease or diagnosis

34. Prevention of Communicable Diseases
Communicable Disease = is caused by a pathogenic organism that can be easily transmitted to others
Transmission Based Isolation Precautions are methods to reduce the incidence of transmission
Standard Precautions are ALWAYS observed, but in some instances, a patient is on a specific type of Isolation

35. Airborne Precautions
For known or suspected to be infected with an airborne pathogen
Examples: Rubella (Measles),
Varicella (Chicken Pox), TB, and Shingles
These patients are placed in a Negative Pressure room with HEPA filter and the door must remain closed
Anyone entering must wear an N-95 or N-100 Mask
If the patient must be moved, they must wear a surgical mask during transport

36. Droplet Precautions
Patient suspected or diagnosed with large particle pathogen that can be ejected from the nose or mouth within a 3 feet radius
Examples = Hemophilus Influenzae, Meningitis, Pneumonia, Sinusitis, Otitis Media, Diptheria, Mycoplasma Pneumonia, Pertussis, Adenovirus, Mumps, and Viral Pneumonia
Mask must be worn within 3 feet of the patient
The patient must wear a mask when being transported

37. Contact Precautions
For patients with epidemiologically pathogen that is capable of being spread from patient to patient through direct or indirect contact
Examples = Any GI, RS, Skin, or Wound Infection caused by a Drug Resistant pathogens, Herpes, Diptheria, impetigo, Pediculosis, Scabies, and Staph
Gloves must be worn at ALL times

38. Protective or Reverse Isolation
A method used to protect certain patients from organisms present in the environment.
Mainly used for Immunosuppressed Patients

39. Care Plans
Plan of care for a patient and their diagnosis considering their religion, family dynamic, and financial status