1. 1 Bacteria Structure and Function

2. 2 Prokaryote & Eukaryote Evolution

3. 3 Cellular Evolution Current evidence indicates that ____________ evolved from ____________ between 1 and 1.5 __________ years agoCurrent evidence indicates that ____________ evolved from ____________ between 1 and 1.5 __________ years ago Two _____________:Two _____________: 1._________________ 2._________________

4. 4 Infolding Theory The ____________________ membrane gave rise to eukaryotic ____________________The ____________________ membrane gave rise to eukaryotic ____________________ _______ _________

5. 5 Endosymbiotic Theory Endosymbiosis refers to one ___________________________ ___________________________Endosymbiosis refers to one ___________________________ ___________________________ Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger ___________________________Movement of smaller photosynthetic & heterotrophic prokaryotes into larger ___________________________ Formed cell _________Formed cell _________ chloroplast mitochondria

6. 6 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

7. 7 Earliest Prokaryotes ________________________ organisms on Earth ____________Include all ____________ Earliest ______ dateEarliest ______ date 2.5 ____________ ____________

8. 8 ___________ of Life – A Review

9. 9 Three ___________ of Life Archaea – ________________ ________________Archaea – ________________ ________________ Bacteria - ________________ ________________ Bacteria - ________________ ________________ Eukarya – ________________ ________________ Eukarya – ________________ ________________

10. 10 Kingdoms of ____________ Archaebacteria: Found in ___________________ Found in ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________ ___________________

11. 11 Archaebacteria

12. 12 Kingdoms of Bacteria Eubacteria: Called the __________________ Called the __________________ _________ bacteria are in this group _________ bacteria are in this group Include photosynthetic __________________ Include photosynthetic __________________

13. 13 ________________

14. 14 ___________ of Bacteria

15. 15 Bacterial Structure __________ prokaryotes__________ prokaryotes _____ nucleus or membrane-bound organelles_____ nucleus or membrane-bound organelles Contain _____________Contain _____________ Single, ___________________ in nucleoid regionSingle, ___________________ in nucleoid region

16. 16 _______________

17. 17 ________________ Cell Wall made of _________________Cell Wall made of _________________ May have a sticky coating called the ______________ for attachment to _________________ _________________May have a sticky coating called the ______________ for attachment to _________________ _________________

18. 18 Sticky Bacterial _______________

19. 19 Bacterial ____________ Have small rings of _____ called _________________Have small rings of _____ called _________________ __________________________________ Small in size (_____________)Small in size (_____________) PLASMIDS

20. 20

21. 21 Bacterial Structure Infoldings of __________ carry on ________________ & ________________Infoldings of __________ carry on ________________ & ________________ Infoldings called _________________Infoldings called _________________

22. 22 ________________ __________

23. 23 Bacterial Structure Most grow best at pH of _________________Most grow best at pH of _________________ Many act as _________________ _________________Many act as _________________ _________________ Some cause _______Some cause _______

24. 24 ________________ Bacteria

25. 25 Useful Bacteria Some bacteria can _________ _______Some bacteria can _________ _______ Used to clean up ________Used to clean up ________

26. 26 Useful Bacteria Other uses for bacteria include __________ __________ __________Other uses for bacteria include __________ __________ __________

27. 27 _______________ Bacteria that are motile have appendages called __________Bacteria that are motile have appendages called __________ Attached by _____________Attached by _____________ A bacteria can have _____________ flagellaA bacteria can have _____________ flagella

28. 28

29. 29 _____________ Made of __________Made of __________ Used for ______________Used for ______________ __________: 1 ________________: 1 ______ __________: tuft at one end__________: tuft at one end __________: tuft at both ends__________: tuft at both ends __________: all around bacteria__________: all around bacteria

30. 30 ________________________ ____________________________

31. 31 Question: What is this type of bacteria ?

32. 32 ____________ Short protein _________Short protein _________ Smaller than _________Smaller than _________ __________ bacteria to surfaces__________ bacteria to surfaces Used in ___________ for Exchange of genetic informationUsed in ___________ for Exchange of genetic information Aid ___________ by increasing buoyancyAid ___________ by increasing buoyancy

33. 33 ________________

34. 34 Bacterial ____________

35. 35 _________ Are Used to Classify __________: Rod shaped__________: Rod shaped __________: Spherical (round)__________: Spherical (round) __________: Comma shaped with flagella__________: Comma shaped with flagella __________: Spiral shape__________: Spiral shape __________: wormlike spiral shape__________: wormlike spiral shape

36. 36

37. 37 Grouping of Bacteria __________- Groups of two__________- Groups of two _________- chains_________- chains _______- Grapelike clusters_______- Grapelike clusters

38. 38

39. 39

40. 40 ________________

41. 41 __________________ Causes Strep Throat

42. 42 ________________

43. 43 Bacillus - ______

44. 44 __________________

45. 45 ________________

46. 46 ________________

47. 47 ________________

48. 48

49. 49 Bacterial Kingdoms

50. 50 _______________ Lack ______________ in cell wallsLack ______________ in cell walls Have different _______ in their cell membraneHave different _______ in their cell membrane Different types of ________________Different types of ________________ Very different ___________________Very different ___________________

51. 51 _______________ ______________ can live in ______________________ ____________________________________ can live in ______________________ ______________________ They do not require __________and can live in extremely ____________ environments as well as extremely ______ environmentsThey do not require __________and can live in extremely ____________ environments as well as extremely ______ environments Called the ______________Called the ______________

52. 52 Archaebacteria Subdivided into 3 groups:Subdivided into 3 groups: _______________ _______________

53. 53 ________________ Live in ______________ environments (________)Live in ______________ environments (________) Get energy by changing ___________ into _____________ gasGet energy by changing ___________ into _____________ gas Found in _____________________ _____________________ _____________________Found in _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

54. 54 ________________ Break down _________ in a cow’s stomachBreak down _________ in a cow’s stomach Produce marsh (_________) gasProduce marsh (_________) gas

55. 55 Extreme _____________ Live in very _______ waterLive in very _______ water Use _____ to generate ___ (energy)Use _____ to generate ___ (energy) Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitantsDead Sea, Great Salt Lake inhabitants

56. 56 __________________ __________________ Live in extremely ____ environmentsLive in extremely ____ environments Found in ____________ ____________ _ cracks on ocean floor that leak _________Found in ____________ ____________ _ cracks on ocean floor that leak _________

57. 57 Kingdom ____________ ________________

58. 58 Characteristics 3 basic shapes (______ ______________)3 basic shapes (______ ______________) Most are __________ (can’t _______________)Most are __________ (can’t _______________) May be _____________________May be _____________________ Identified by ________________Identified by ________________

59. 59 ________________ Developed in 1884 by Hans GramDeveloped in 1884 by Hans Gram Bacteria treated with ____________________ ____________________Bacteria treated with ____________________ ____________________ Cell _______ either stain ____________________ ____________________Cell _______ either stain ____________________ ____________________

60. 60 Gram ____________ Have thick layer of __________ (protein-sugar complex)Have thick layer of __________ (protein-sugar complex) Single ________layerSingle ________layer Stain _______Stain _______ Can be treated with _________Can be treated with _________

61. 61 Gram Positive Bacteria _______________ (makes yogurt & buttermilk) _______________ (makes yogurt & buttermilk) _______________ (make antibiotics) _______________ (make antibiotics) ________________ (lockjaw bacteria) ________________ (lockjaw bacteria) ____________(strep throat) ____________(strep throat) __________________ (staph infections) __________________ (staph infections)

62. 62 Gram __________ Bacteria Thin layer of ____________ in cell wallThin layer of ____________ in cell wall Extra thick layer of _______Extra thick layer of _______ Stain __________________Stain __________________ Hard to treat with ________Hard to treat with ________ Some photosynthetic but _______________________Some photosynthetic but _______________________ Some _______________________Some _______________________

63. 63 Gram Negative ____________ grow in root nodules of legumes (soybeans, peanuts)____________ grow in root nodules of legumes (soybeans, peanuts) ____________ from air into usable ammonia____________ from air into usable ammonia

64. 64 Gram Negative ___________ are parasitic bacteria carried by ticks___________ are parasitic bacteria carried by ticks Cause ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________Cause ____________ ____________ ____________ ____________

65. 65 ________________ Gram ______________Gram ______________ ____________________________________ Called _______________Called _______________ Contain ____________________ (red-blue) pigments & chlorophyllContain ____________________ (red-blue) pigments & chlorophyll

66. 66 ________________ May be red, yellow, brown, black, or blue-greenMay be red, yellow, brown, black, or blue-green May grow in _____ (Oscillatoria)May grow in _____ (Oscillatoria) Have __________ to help fix N 2Have __________ to help fix N 2 First ___________________________ ___________________________First ___________________________ ___________________________ Some cause _________________ (use up O2 when die & decompose in water)Some cause _________________ (use up O2 when die & decompose in water)

67. 67 Cyanobacteria

68. 68 _______________ Gram ____________Gram ____________ Flagella at each endFlagella at each end Move in __________motionMove in __________motion Some _________; others _________Some _________; others _________ May be _______________ _______________ _______________May be _______________ _______________ _______________

69. 69 __________ Bacteria Gram ________________Gram ________________ Can live in aerobic & anaerobic habitatsCan live in aerobic & anaerobic habitats Includes __________in intestinesIncludes __________in intestines _________________ – causes food poisoning_________________ – causes food poisoning

70. 70 ________________ Gram __________Gram __________ Obtain energy from _________________Obtain energy from _________________ Found in _________________ _______Found in _________________ _______

71. 71 Nutrition, Respiration, and Reproduction

72. 72 Modes of _________ _________ – feed on dead organic matter_________ – feed on dead organic matter _______________ – feed on a host cell_______________ – feed on a host cell _________________ – use sunlight to make food_________________ – use sunlight to make food _________________ – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food_________________ – oxidize inorganic matter such as iron or sulfur to make food

73. 73 Methods of _________ _______________– require O 2 (tuberculosis bacteria)_______________– require O 2 (tuberculosis bacteria) _______________– die if O 2 is present (tetanus)_______________– die if O 2 is present (tetanus) _______________– don’t need O 2, but aren’t killed by it (E. coli)_______________– don’t need O 2, but aren’t killed by it (E. coli)

74. 74 Bacterial Respiration ________ carry on __________________ carry on __________ _________ carry on __________ ___________________ carry on __________ __________

75. 75 Reproduction Bacteria reproduce _____________________Bacteria reproduce _____________________ Single chromosome replicates & then ___________________Single chromosome replicates & then ___________________ RapidRapid All new cells _________(clones)All new cells _________(clones)

76. 76 Cellular organism copies it’s genetic information then splits into two identical _________ cells

77. 77 Binary Fission E. coli

78. 78 Reproduction Bacteria reproduce ____________________Bacteria reproduce ____________________ Form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange ___________________Form a tube between 2 bacteria to exchange ___________________ Held together by _____Held together by _____ New cells ___________________New cells ___________________

79. 79 Conjugation

80. 80 ______________ Form ____________whe never when habitat conditions become _____ (little food)Form ____________whe never when habitat conditions become _____ (little food) Able to survive for long periods of time as _________Able to survive for long periods of time as _________ Difficult to _______ (heat resistant)Difficult to _______ (heat resistant)

81. 81 __________________ __________________ __________________ bacteria__________________ bacteria May become _______________May become _______________ _________________ bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from dead bacterial cells_________________ bacteria pick up pieces of DNA from dead bacterial cells _________________ – viruses carry foreign DNA to bacteria; used to make ____________________________ – viruses carry foreign DNA to bacteria; used to make ___________

82. 82 Pathenogenic Bacteria

83. 83 Pathogens Called __________________Called __________________ Cause _____________Cause _____________ May produce _______________________May produce _______________________ _______________________ released after bacteria die (E. coli)_______________________ released after bacteria die (E. coli) _______________ released by Gram + bacteria (C. tetani)_______________ released by Gram + bacteria (C. tetani)