1. 12/6/135 th /6 th Bellringer: Rare earth in China Turn in Mineral I.D. Lab Notes: IMPACTS of FOSSIL FUELS

2. Rare Earth in China Rare Earth minerals are VERY economically beneficial and VERY environmentally harmful to get. Should the USA start mining Rare Earth again or let China to continue to make LOTS of profits while harming their environment?? Explain your reasoning.

3. 12/9/134 th Bellringer: Dirty Fuel Turn in Mineral ID Impacts of Fossil Fuels NOTES

4. Dirty Fuel Coal is considered the “Dirtiest” Fuel. What does this actually mean?

5. Impacts of Burning Fossil Fuels

6. How is Electricity Generated?

7. What elements do plants and animals consist of? NitrogenCarbonHydrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfur (+ Mercury, discussed later)

8. What elements do fossil fuels consist of? NitrogenCarbonHydrogenOxygenPhosphorusSulfur (Mercury, discussed later)

9. When fossil fuels are burned, what elements get released? Nitrogen Nitrogen Carbon Carbon Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Oxygen Phosphorus Phosphorus Sulfur Sulfur (+ Mercury, discussed later) (+ Mercury, discussed later)

10. An Easy Way to Think of This N.C.H.O.P.S.(+Hg)

11. How are pollutants formed when coal is burned?

12. C and O 2 C and O 2 produce CO 2 and CO (carbon dioxide & carbon monoxide) carbon monoxide)

13. How are pollutants formed when coal is burned? H 2 and O 2 produce H 2 O (water) (water)

14. How are pollutants formed when coal is burned? P and O 2 produce P 2 O 5 (phosphorus pentoxide)* *P 2 O 5 IS NOT RELEASED INTO ATMOSPHERE

15. How are pollutants formed when coal is burned?

16. Mercury (Hg) Mercury combines with Carbon and Hydrogen CH 3 Hg

17. Element  Pollutant ELEMENTPOLLUTANT N  NO 2 NO 3 C  CO CO 2 H  H 2 O O  Most contain oxygen P  P 2 O 5 S  SO 2 SO 3 Hg  CH 3 Hg

18. Negative impacts of NCHOPS #1-5

19. Negative Impact #1 Acid Rain NCHOPS can produce acid rain when they are chemically combined with water in the atmosphere NO 2 reacts with water to form nitric acid (HNO 3 ) CO 2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ) SO 3 reacts with water to form sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 )

24. Negative Impacts #2 Smog NO x produces smog, which is ground level ozone. An estimated 140 million Americans live in areas with unhealthy levels of smog according to the The American Lung Association.

25. Los Angeles = SMOG City

27. Negative Impacts #3 Green House Gasses  Coal and other energy uses are the single largest source of GHGs in the U.S. and the world

28. Negative Impacts #4 Particulates Pollution in solid form can be inhaled which leads to health problem Asthma, cancer and death People who live near coal plants are at much greater risk

29. Petcoke in Chicago

30. Negative Impacts #5 Mercury  Mercury accumulates in the atmosphere and falls to the earth during precipitation  Mercury is a “heavy-metal” and it Bio- Accumulates up the food chain  Adverse risks to pregnancy and child development

32. EPA Fish Consumption Advisory

33. Mercury in Lakes Besides answering the question, tell me what paragraph you found the answers You may have used more than one paragraph for an answer

34. Biomagnification 1)Explain what happens to biomass (energy) as you move up trophic levels 2)Explain what happens to persistent pollutants (like Mercury) as you move up trophic levels

35. Biological magnification pollutants become more concentrated in organisms higher in the food chain Biomass decreasesPollutants increase

37. 12/9/135 th /6 th Bellringer: Dihydrogen Monoxide Finish: Impacts of Fossil Fuels Notes Read: Loons in Wisconsin

38. DiHydrogen Monoxide 1) Should DHMO be banned? Explain why or why not? 2)***ANSWER AFTER OUR DISCUSSION*** Explain how this article uses Sensationalism (the use of exciting/shocking language at the expense of accuracy) to lead to an uneducated decision by the reader.

39. 12/11/13 4 th Bellringer: Mercury in Fish Finish Notes Start Acid Rain Lab

40. Mercury in Fish 1)Based on the amounts of Mercury in each fish, name 2 fishes that are top predators and 2 fishes that are low on the food chain. 2)Which is the safest combination (lowest mercury) to buy at the grocery store? a)Marlin, Bluefish and Halibut b)Catfish, Cod and Bigeye Tuna

41. Global, Regional, or Local? 1.Acid Rain 2.Smog 3.Greenhouse Gasses 4.Particulates 5.Mercury/Bioaccumul ation 1.Regional 2.Local 3.Global 4.Local 5.Regional

42. Tradeoffs Which is Better? Cheaper electricity with higher emissions Expensive electricity with lower emissions Long-Term vs. Short Term Can the average American make the investment to more expensive, ecofriendly energy?

43. Coal Review Pros and Cons

44. Pros of Coal Power Pros of Coal Power Cheap Cheap Cheaper per unit energy than oil or natural gasCheaper per unit energy than oil or natural gas Will continue to be an important global resourceWill continue to be an important global resource Abundant Abundant Coal is the world’s most abundant fossil fuelCoal is the world’s most abundant fossil fuel Sufficient reserves for the next 250 yearsSufficient reserves for the next 250 years

45. Pros of Coal Power Pros of Coal Power USAGE Supplying approximately 50% of electricity to the USASupplying approximately 50% of electricity to the USAEconomy Coal-mining stimulates over one million jobs in theCoal-mining stimulates over one million jobs in the U.S.Coal contributes over $80 billion annually to the economyU.S.Coal contributes over $80 billion annually to the economy

46. Cons of Coal Power Cons of Coal Power GHGsGHGs PollutantsPollutants (Smog, Acid Rain, Particulates, Mercury) NON-RENEWABLE (will run out)NON-RENEWABLE (will run out) Long term problems will be EXPENSIVELong term problems will be EXPENSIVE

47. Future of Coal Clean coal technology New type of coal-burning power plants with technology to reduce pollution emissionsNew type of coal-burning power plants with technology to reduce pollution emissions

48. “Scrubber”

49. How to rely less on Coal 1)Energy Conservation… (use less energy). Heating/Cooling our housesHeating/Cooling our houses Unplugging AppliancesUnplugging Appliances Less dependence on cars.Less dependence on cars. 2)Technology… (use smarter energy) Switch from fossil fuels to renewable energySwitch from fossil fuels to renewable energy This can be done on the national/global level or on the individual levelThis can be done on the national/global level or on the individual level

50. Next Up…Investigating the Impacts of Coal Mercury Acid Rain Greenhouse Gasses and Climate Change Energy Conservation Making the Switch to Green Energy

51. Text Coding ________ = Topic Sentence/Main Idea ✔ = Already know this K = Important ? = Confusing/Question ! = Wow ( circle ) = Unknown Word

52. Mercury Journey Diagram or describe the journey of one molecule of mercury from inside a piece of coal… into the atmosphere… into the atmosphere… into a body of water… into a body of water… up the food chain… up the food chain… and into the fat cells of a human and into the fat cells of a human

53. 12/11/135 th /6 th Bellringer: Mercury in Fish Begin Acid Rain Lab

54. Mercury in Fish 1)Based on the amounts of Mercury in each fish, name 3 top predators and 3 that are low on the food chain. 2)Which is the safest combination to buy at the grocery store? a)Marlin, Bluefish and Halibut b)Catfish, Cod and Bigeye Tuna c)Grouper, Albacore Tuna and Bass

55. Acid Rain Lab Take care of equipment Be able to “stop on a dime” and listen to directions Start together, then work at your own speed EVERYONE helps clean up with 5 minutes left.

56. 12/12/13 Bellringer: Make it (Acid) Rain Complete Part II - Acid Rain Lab

57. Making Acid Rain Why did the pH of the water decrease when we blew CO 2 into the water? Why did the pH of the water decrease when we blew CO 2 into the water? …EXPLAIN IN DETAIL …including the chemical equation involved!

61. How can we “buffer” the pH back to a neutral level?

65. 12/13/13 Bellringer: Smog in China VIDEO pH Buffer Graph Finish Acid Rain Lab NEXT WEEK: Climate Change Children’s Book & Energy Exam (Thursday)

66. Water Distribution Renew-a-Bean Mineral ID LAB (project grades)

67. Smog in China Is smog simply the “cost” of development? Explain. (America had its most severe environmental issues during the Industrial Revolution) Bonus: Besides cold-weather (more coal being burned to heat homes) why does DECEMBER result in the highest levels of smog in CHINA?????

68. Part II Graph Discuss with your neighbor. What should your graph look like for part II?

69. Negative Effects of NCHOPS Look at your notes (or a neighbor’s notes) from before break. Write down the 5 Negative Impacts of Burning Coal and releasing NCHOPS into the air.

70. Negative Impacts Mercury (biomagnification) Acid Rain ParticulatesSmog Green House Gases

71. Negative Impacts #5 Mercury  One of the most dangerous toxins released into the air when coal is burned  Released mercury accumulated into the atmosphere and falls to the earth during precipitation  Mercury is a “heavy-metal” and it Bio-Accumulates up the food chain

73. Food Chains What is this Food Chain???

74. Trophic Levels

75. Latin Roots Hydro: WATER Lipo: FAT Phobic: Fear (does not mix) Phyllic: Love (does mix)

76. 1962 DDT banned in 1973