2. Photo courtesy of James Cook What is a Disease suppressive soil? “Take-all decline”: well-characterized example Take-all of wheat caused by Gaeumanomyces graminis var. tritici

3. Photo courtesy of James Cook Fumigated Fumigation eliminates soil microorganisms that suppress the take-all pathogen Fumigated

4. Infestation of soil with the take all pathogen Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici Fumigated Pathogen Fumigated

5. Biological control by soil microflora Biological control: natural ecological processes that promote plant health Biological control destroyed by fumigation

6. Suppressive soils develop in the presence of the pathogen

8. Suppressive soil Heat-treated (50 C) suppressive soil Conducive soil Conducive soil amended with 10% suppressive soil Heat-treated (80 C) suppressive soil Rhizoctonia suppressive soil:

9. More evidence for the “biological basis” of the Rhizoctonia suppressive soil

10. “The PhyloChip assay is a microarray-based method that identifies and measures the relative abundance of more than 59,000 individual microbial taxa in any sample. This approach relies on the analysis of the entire 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence which is present in every bacterial genome but varies in a way that provides a fingerprint for specific microbial types.”

11. Detected 33,346 “Operational taxonomic Units” (OTUs) Acidobacteria: discovered in 1997 (Acidobacterium, Solibacter) Fermicutes: low GC Gram+ (Bacillus, Staph, Lactobacillus) From bottom to top: Actinobacteria: highGC Gram+ (Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, Clavibacter) This somehow shows that different taxa were most abundant in the six different treatments

13. Comparisons between Operational Taxonomic Units: A= OTUs in greater abundance in suppressive soil than in conducive soil C = OTUs in greater abundance in conducive soil amended with suppressive soil than in non-amended conducive soil F = OTUs in greater abundance in suppressive soil inoculated with the pathogen R. solani

15. The Proteobacteria and Firmicutes differ between treatments

20. Background: Antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas spp. are key factors in biological control

23. Conclusions Pathogen Host Environment Microorganisms, whether indigenous or introduced are an important component of the environment that influence plant disease. Suppressive soils are examples of natural biological control. Using new methods for characterizing microbial communities, Mendes et al. (2011) identified groups of microorganisms present in a soil suppressive to Rhizoctonia root rot. From the suppressive soil, they identified a strain of Pseudomonas that can suppress Rhizoctonia root rot and an antibiotic that contributes to biological control.