1. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Alaska’s North Slope Proposed drilling

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Central Case: oil or wilderness on Alaska’s North Slope? Alaska’s remote North Slope represents a pristine wilderness to some and untapped oil riches to others The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is the focus of intense debate over whether the “1002 Area” should be opened to drilling Opponents fear that drilling will sacrifice the nation’s national heritage for little gain

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Alaska’s North Slope consists of three regions The National Petroleum Reserve – Alaska (NPR-A) -Intended to remain untapped unless the nation faced an emergency -It has been opened for drilling Prudhoe Bay consists of state lands that are drilled for oil that is transported via the trans-Alaska pipeline to the port of Valdez The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is federal land set aside for wildlife and to preserve pristine ecosystems -It has been called the “Serengeti of North America”

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5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Alaska Oil Wells

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8. Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels – 3 Kings: Oil, Coal, Natural Gas

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11. OECD The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world

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13. Energy returned on investment (EROI) = energy returned/energy invested -Higher ratios = more energy received than invested -Ratios decline after easiest reserves extracted

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15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings formed from the tissues of organisms that lived 100-500 million years ago Organic material is broken down in an anaerobic environment -Bottoms of deep lakes, swamps, and shallow seas eventually converted into crude oil, natural gas, or coal

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Coal The world’s most abundant fossil fuel Coal = organic matter (woody plant material) that was compressed under very high pressure to form dense, solid carbon structures -Very little decomposition occurred

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Coal Mining 31% 69% Deforestation Coal runoff into streams Acid leaching Massey Energy - 4500 violations of Clean Water Act Coal Firm to Pay Record Penalty NY Times 3/14

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Mountaintop Removal Appvoices.org Eia.gov

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20. What are the top coal producing states?

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24. Coal Uky.edu

25. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Burning of Coal Sulfur (acid depositon), mercury (bioaccumulates) Coal powered electrical plant release: CO2, SO2, fly ash Clean Coal Technology: Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC):

26. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Electricity, heating, cooking, transportation Found in association with oil Largely methane Burns cleaner than coal or oil Still emits greenhouse gases: CO 2 and Nox EPA Study of Fracking Natural Gas

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29. Hydraulic Fracturing or “Fracking”

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32. Oil

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34. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Fraction Boiling Range ( o C) Number of Carbon Atoms natural gas< 20C 1 to C 4 petroleum ether 20 - 60C 5 to C 6 gasoline40 - 200 C 5 to C 12, but mostly C 6 to C 8 kerosene150 - 260 mostly C 12 to C 13 fuel oils> 260 C 14 and higher lubricants> 400 C 20 and above asphalt or coke residuepolycyclic

35. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Oil is under pressure and often rises to the surface -Primary extraction = the initial drilling and pumping of available oil -Secondary extraction = solvents, water, or stream is used to remove additional oil; expensive Adamrlee.org

36. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Primary and secondary oil extraction

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38. Petroleum products have many uses Extracted oil is refined to create many products

39. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings U.S. oil production has already peaked

40. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Global oil production is peaking

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42. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Oil Reserves by state

43. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Oil Shale and Tar Sand Sedimentary mixtures that when heated release waxy or tarlike hydrocarbon mixtures similar to crude oil 1/2 ton oil shale yields ½ barrel oil Extraction expensive/destructive ostseis.anl.gov Dis.anl.gov

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45. Proposed XL Keystone Pipeline

46. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings CAFE Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) First enacted by Congress in 1975, the purpose of CAFE is to reduce energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. Summary of Standards: CAFE standards.docxCAFE standards.docx

47. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings Consequences of Fossil Fuel Use World Reserve Estimates