1. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference Seventh Edition Chapter 4 Speech and Language Impairments

2. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Chapter Objectives Describe “speech impairments” and “language impairments.” Discuss the prevalence of speech or language impairments, and indicate how the prevalence of this type of disability is related to that of learning disabilities. Describe the differences among language delays, language differences, and language impairments. Discuss how classroom teachers can make a difference in the development of children’s language. Describe key resources for students.

3. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 History of the Field 1000 B.C.: Speech and language problems are recognized, but individuals are considered fools and sources of entertainment. Balbus Balaesus the Stutterer 1910: The first public school speech correction services begin in Chicago. 1913: New York begins speech correction programs in public schools. 1925: The Academy for Speech Correction (later to become ASHA) is founded and includes professionals from the fields of speech, language, and hearing. The 1970s see a shift in priorities from serving students with minor articulation problems that are usually corrected naturally with age, to intensive work with students with severe speech or language problems. 1975: IDEA is passed, and ASHA coins the term Speech/Language Pathologist (SLP).

4. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Challenges Speech impairments can affect how a person interacts with others in every type of setting. Long term effects can be serious. Aggressive behavior Withdrawal Denial of disability Many deal with multiple problems, leading to inaccurate conclusions for some. Example: A person with Cerebral Palsy may be misconstrued as having a mental disability due to difficulty controlling muscles.

5. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Speech or Language Impairments Defined Speech and language: Are fundamental human behaviors. Are the basis of culture, commerce, science, and religion. Separate humans from other species. Affect opportunities and options in American society. The communication process: Allows people to interact and transfer information. Includes communication signals. Announcements of immediate situations or events Includes communication symbols. Vocal, written, gestural, or sign language Requires a sender, a receiver, and a message.

6. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Speech or Language Impairments Defined Communication is the process of exchanging knowledge, ideas, opinions, and feelings through the use of verbal or nonverbal language. Language is a rule-based method of communicating ideas and information involving the comprehension and use of signs and symbols. Speech is the vocal production of language.

7. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Speech or Language Impairments Speech impairments include: Voice problems. Articulation problems. Fluency or stuttering problems. Language impairments include: Form (rule systems). Phonology Morphology Syntax Content (semantics). Intent and meaning Use (pragmatics). Understanding of an object’s purpose or function

8. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Characteristics Speech Impairments: Usually do not include academic problems. Depending on the severity, the person may have long-term difficulties with self- concept and independence. Language Impairments: Cause language to develop late. Create academic problems. Cause problems in social and communicative competence. Often create difficulty mastering reading at all levels.

9. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Prevalence When primary and secondary disabilities are both considered, speech or language impairments are the largest special education category. A strong relationship exists between early identification of speech or language impairments and later identification of learning disabilities. The prevalence rate: Decreases as children get older. Shifts to learning disabilities by third grade.

10. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Causes Many causes are unknown. Speech impairments can be a result of: Brain damage. Malfunction of respiratory or speech mechanisms. Misuse of the right motor responses. Physical or organic problems (such as a cleft palate). Language impairments have multiple causes, including: Brain injuries resulting in aphasia. Otitis media (ear infections). Genetic reasons. Hearing impairments. Environmental factors, such as lack of: stimulation, proper experiences for cognitive development, and role models. Co-existing disabilities (Autism).

11. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Prevention Proper immunization Folic acid during pregnancy Proper prenatal care Good nutrition Availability of proper medical care Dissemination of information about the importance of protecting children from disease

12. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Assessment Early Identification Early identification is crucial to avoid development of learning disabilities. Pre-Referral SLPs play a vital role in assisting teachers with interventions and instructional procedures that can help determine if special education services are provided. Identification Multiple assessments (developmental milestones, hearing, family questionnaires, formal observations) Evaluation: Diagnosis of Language Impairments Balanced assessments include parent/staff interviews, student history, checklists and developmental scales, progress monitoring, dynamic assessment, portfolio assessment, observations, and standardized tests.

13. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Access to the General Education Curriculum Key elements to create supportive environments Match language with the comprehension abilities of students. Be responsive to students’ language needs by modifying, adjusting, or supplementing instruction. Supply relevant examples for students. Provide multiple examples to explain concepts. Use specific referents (example: instead of “Open your book,” say, “Open your Geography book to page 36”). Avoid indirect expressions (example: instead of “Do you get it?” ask, “Do you understand how to complete the worksheet?”). Give Explicit Instruction Direct-language instruction is beneficial for students with and without disabilities.

14. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Instructional Accommodations Provide opportunities for language use and expanding comprehension of receptive language. Create a language-sensitive environment.

15. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Data-Based Practices Reading comprehension strategies Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR) Technology Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) to provide different means for individuals to communicate with others Low tech (communication boards) and high tech devices (speech synthesizers) Content enhancement strategies Can help to organize learning and remember complex content (example: graphic organizers)

16. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Transition Through Adulthood Youth with learning disabilities and speech impairments have better adult outcomes than other groups of individuals with disabilities However, only 68% of students with speech impairments graduate with a high school diploma (US Department of Education, 2008).

17. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Collaboration SLPs and teachers should collaborate to: Implement language instruction. Enhance the learning environment for all students. Create language-sensitive classrooms. Foster generalization of therapy results.

18. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Partnerships with Families and Communities Home environments foster language development when they include: Good role models. Many opportunities to talk. Rich and varied experiences. Instructional opportunities.

19. Introduction to Special Education: Making a Difference, 7th ed., ISBN 0135056020 Deborah Deutsch Smith © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 How might the general and special education curricula be modified to better develop the language and literacy abilities of students? How can speech/language pathologists help? Challenge Question