1. Sherie Loika Vickie Engel Eyrin Book Laure Owens Kande Bahlman
Chapter 9
Sherie Loika Vickie Engel
Eyrin Book Laure Owens
Kande Bahlman

2. Learners Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing
Sherie Loika

3. Physiological Perspective
Measurable degree of hearing loss
Decibels - units of relative loudness of sounds
Deaf = hearing loss greater than 90 dB
Hard of Hearing = hearing loss less than 90 dB

4. Educational Perspective
How much is the hearing loss likely to affect the child’s ability to speak and develop language?
At what age was the onset of hearing loss?

5. Terms Associated with Deafness
Congenitally deaf - deafness present at birth
Adventitiously deaf - deafness that occurs through illness or accident in an individual born with normal hearing
Prelingual deafness - deafness that occurs before the development of spoken language, usually at birth
Postlingual deafness - deafness occurring after the development of speech and language

6. Hearing Threshold Classification
Mild dB
Moderate dB
Severe dB
Profound dB & above
Decibel Table

7. Demographic Aspects of
Prevalence
Demographic Aspects of
Hearing Impairment
Gallaudet Research

8. Anatomy and Physiology
Movie clip
Ear Diagram Quiz

9. Microtia Grade III (Little Ear)
Deformity of the Outer Ear

10. No Middle Ear, Ear Canal, or Ear Drum
Atresia
No Middle Ear, Ear Canal, or Ear Drum

11. Measurement of Hearing Ability
Eyrin Book

12. Screening Tests At birth in hospitals Periodically in public schools
Grade Pre-K, K, 1,3,5,7, and 9
Called a pure tone sweep check done with the use of an audiometer.
Can also be screened upon request or new or re-eval special education students.

13. Pure Tone Audiometry
Hertz - unit of measurement of the frequency of sound; refers to the highness or lowness of a sound.
Audiometric zero - lowest level at which people with normal hearing can hear. Also known as the zero hearing threshold.

14. Speech Audiometry
Tests a person’s detection and understanding of speech, rather than using pure tones to detect hearing loss
Speech reception threshold (SRT) is the decibel level at which a person can understand speech.

15. Other Tests - Play Audiometry
Uses a game like format to test hearing of young and hard to test children.
The examiner teaches the child to do various activities when they hear a signal

16. Other Tests - Tympanometry
A method of measuring the middle ear’s response to pressure and sound.
A rubber tipped robe is inserted into the child’s ear, sealing the ear canal, and the effects of pressure and sound are then measured to assess the functioning of the middle ear.

17. Other Tests – Evoked Response Audiometry
Technique involving electroencephalograph (EEG) measurement of changes in brain-wave activity in response to sounds.
Method has become more popular with the development of more sophisticated computers.
Can be done while the child is sleeping.

18. Psychological & Behavioral Characteristics
Vickie Engel

19. If you were forced to choose, which would
QUESTION…
If you were forced to choose, which would
you rather be…
blind or deaf?

20. English Language & Speech Disorders
75% of children who are profoundly deaf have non-intelligible speech.
Children born deaf, are unable to hear themselves and adults’ responses to them.
Deaf children are handicapped in learning to associate the sensations they receive when they move their jaws, mouths, and tongues with auditory sounds these movements produce.
Another way the speech is impaired, is the lack of hearing adult speech.

21. Myth - Hearing impaired people have a lower conceptual intelligence.
Intellectual Ability
Myth - Hearing impaired people have a lower conceptual intelligence.
Do not assume that the IQ level of hearing impaired is lower than hearing people strictly because their language is not as developed.

22. Academic Achievement
Most children with hearing loss have extreme deficits in academic achievement.
Reading ability is most affected.
It is not unusual for graduating students who are deaf to be able to read at no more than a fourth-grade level.
Math is their best academic subject, but they are usually far behind hearing students.

23. Positive influence of sign language
Interesting Fact…
Deaf children with deaf parents have a higher reading achievement and better language skills than do those who have hearing parents.
Why?
Positive influence of sign language

24. Social Adjustment
Studies show that students who are deaf are at risk for loneliness.
Two factors to that may contribute to the isolation of deaf students:
Inclusion
Hearing status of the parents

25. Factors that define the Deaf community as a true culture…
Deaf Culture
Factors that define the Deaf community as a true culture…
linguistic differentiation
attitudinal deafness
behavioral norms
endogamous marital patterns
historical awareness
voluntary organizational networks

26. Erosion of the Deaf Culture
Inclusion
Deaf clubs

27. Deaf Activism
Cochlear implants

28. Educational Considerations
Laure Owens

29. Approaches to Educating Deaf
Oralism-manualism debate
Verbal communication
Manual communication
Currently…
Total Communication Approach
Used by most educational programs
Bicultural-Bilingual Approach
Advocated by Deaf community
Total Communication – Blends oral and manual techniques
Bicultural-Bilingual – ASL as 1st language, ESL, and promotes teaching of deaf culture

30. Total Communication Speech Signing English system
Signing Exact English
Signed English
Seeing Essential English
Finger spelling
Simultaneous Use

31. Bicultural-Bilingual Approach
American Sign Language (ASL)--primary
English—secondary
Curriculum consists of instruction in Deaf culture
Curriculum & instruction developed by deaf individuals
ASL naturally before teaching English
Exposure to ASL & English simultaneously

32. Debate Deaf Community argues… Total Communication Defenders argue…
Use of signing English systems criticized
Argue word order is not critical element in teaching English
Slow, awkward
Total Communication Defenders argue…
Correspondence of word order benefits learning of English language.
ASL evolved over several generations. Assert as natural language of deaf.
Signing english systems were invented in a short period of time.

33. Service Delivery Models
Placement varies based on severity of hearing loss
Residential schools
Profoundly deaf
Students of deaf parents
Older students
80% of deaf students in local schools
39% in general education classrooms
Deaf community criticizes mainstreaming citing that it forces student to lose identity.
Placement in hearing & speaking environment makes it impossible to succeed.
Social isolation
Lack of peers with whom the student can communicate

34. Success in an Integrated Setting
Time to learn & plan
Commitment to the model of education
Support services
Clarity of program design
Parent participation
Direct instruction by teachers of the deaf within the regular classroom

35. Technological Advances
Hearing Aids
Television, Video, & Movie Captioning
Telephone Adaptations
Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI)

36. Early Intervention
Kande Bahlman

37. Early Intervention
Permanent hearing loss affects 24,000 infants in USA annually.
20-30% of hearing loss in children occurs during infancy and early childhood.
Most critical period of development of hearing and speech is first 6 months of life.

38. Time is of the Essence First six years of life
First three years most critical
American Academy of Pediatrics
National Institute of Health
Screened before hospital discharge
Continuance of hearing screenings

39. Average Age of Identification in U.S. is 2½ to 3 years.
Early diagnosis and intervention can mean the difference between toddlers entering school with severe language and concept delays versus children with age appropriate language and concept development.

40. Research Indicates…
Children whose hearing losses are identified in the first 6 months of life
AND
who receive intervention services, develop language within the normal range.

41. Deaf Children of Deaf Parents
Babies develop ASL at a rate similar to rate that hearing babies of hearing parents develop English
Day to day interaction of moms and babies are more facilitative and natural
Parents who sign with their deaf children develop cohesive families with high degrees of bonding and sharing of interests
Parents are better prepared to cope with infant’s deafness

42. Deaf Children of Hearing Parents
Slow development of English and ASL
Interactions unrelated to child’s activity or interest
Lack of language model
High degree of parental stress
Unprepared parents
Lack of understanding of visual modality in communication
Struggle with appropriate sign language delivery

43. Communication Decisions
Preschool intervention projects teaching basics of sign language to parents and to children
Providing native signers as models
Development of the IFSP and IEP
Researching the different communication approaches
Choice based on child’s needs, family situation, and program availability in family’s area
Learning the program and giving it a fair chance
Re-evaluating and changing approach when appropriate.

44. Communication
“The one need all deaf and hearing children have in common is the need for effective communication of meaningful information, including information that says ‘I love you’.”

45. Transition to Adulthood
Unemployment
Underemployment
College education

46. Postsecondary Education
Before mid-1960’s
Traditional colleges/universities
Federal funding
Over 100 postsecondary education institutions in U.S. and Canada
Some still choose traditional schools
Traditional schools providing special programs

47. Interpreters
Transliteration
ASL

48. Family Issues 95% of deaf adults choose deaf spouses
90% of offspring from these marriages have normal hearing
Hearing children often serve as interpreters for deaf parents
Deaf face greater obstacles when entering work force due to lack of unskilled and semi-skilled trades
Brighter outlook