1. Africa and the Atlantic World Chapter 25 Notes

2. Sub-Saharan Africa 600-1450 Review

3. Trans-Saharan trade and Islamic states in west Africa _____ crossed desert and established relations _____ became the most important commercial site in west Africa – _____ (most important), ivory, and slaves for traders from north Africa – Exchanged for horses, cloth, manufactured goods, _____ – Ghana kings _____ by the tenth century, didn't force on others Nomadic raids from the Sahara weakened the kingdom in the _____

4. Mali Empire Established in 1230 Controlled and taxed almost all trade passing through _____ _____ made his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324-1325 with huge caravan – Upon return to Mali, _____ – Sent students to study with distinguished _____ in northern Africa – Established _____ in Mali Decline of Mali due to factions and military pressure from _____ _____ empire replaced Mali by the late fifteenth century

5. The Indian Ocean trade and Islamic states in east Africa _____ is an Arabic term meaning "coasters" – Dominated east African coast from _____ – Spoke Swahili, a _____, supplemented with some _____ Trade with _____ became important by the tenth century – Ruling elite and wealthy merchants on east Africa converted to _____ – Conversion promoted close cooperation with Muslim _____ – Conversion also opened door to _____with Muslim rulers

6. The Swahili city-states Chiefs gained power through _____ Ports developed into _____ governed by kings, eleventh and twelfth centuries

7. Back to the 1450-1750 Time Period

8. African Politics and Societies in Early Modern Times

9. The States of West Africa and East Africa _____ empire was the dominant power of west Africa, replacing Mali – Expansion under Songhay emperor _____ after 1464 – Elaborate administrative apparatus, powerful army, and _____ – Muslim emperors ruled prosperous land, engaged in _____

10. Fall of Songhay to _____ in 1591 – _____ of subject peoples brought the empire down – A series of small, regional kingdoms and city-states _____

11. _____ Swahili city- states in east Africa – _____ forced the ruler of Kilwa to pay tribute, 1502 – Massive _____ subdued all the Swahili cities, 1505 – Trade disrupted; _____

12. The Kingdoms of Central Africa and South Africa _____, powerful kingdom of central Africa after fourteenth century – Established diplomatic and commercial relations with _____ – Kings of Kongo converted to Christianity sixteenth century; ____

13. _____in Kongo – Portuguese traded textiles, weapons, and advisors for Kongolese _____ – Slave trade _____ of kings of Kongo – Deteriorated relations led to war in 1665; Kongo king _____

14. Kingdom of Ndongo (_____) attracted Portuguese slave traders – ______ led spirited resistance to Portuguese, 1623-1663 – Nzinga able to block Portuguese advances but not ______ – By end of the seventeenth century, Ndondo was the ______ of Angola

15. Southern Africa dominated by regional kingdoms, for example, _____ _____ in south Africa after the fifteenth century – First Portuguese, then Dutch mariners landed at _____ – _____ mariners built a trading post at Cape Town, 1652 – Increasing Dutch colonists by 1700, drove away native _____ – _____became a prosperous European colony in later centuries

16. Islam and Christianity in Early modern Africa _____ popular in west Africa states and Swahili city-states of east Africa – Islamic university and 180 religious schools in _____ – Blended Islam with indigenous beliefs and customs, a _____ – _____, west African tribe, observed strict form of Islam, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

17. _____ reached sub- Saharan Africa through Portuguese merchants – Also blended with _____ – _____ movement of Kongo, a syncretic cult, addressed to St. Anthony – Charismatic Antonian leader, _____, executed for heresy, 1706

18. Social Change in Early Modern Africa _____ and clans remained unchanged at the local level American food crops, for example, _____, introduced after the sixteenth century Population growth in sub-Sahara: 35 million in 1500 to _____

19. The Atlantic Slave Trade

20. Foundations of the Slave Trade _____ common in traditional Africa – Slaves typically _____, criminals, or outcasts – Most slaves worked as _____, some as administrators or soldiers – With all land held in common, slaves were a measure of _____ – Slaves often assimilated into their masters' kinship groups, even _____

21. The _____ well established throughout Africa – ______slaves may have been shipped out of Africa by Islamic slave trade between eighth and the eighteenth centuries – _____ used these existing networks and expanded the slave trade

22. Human Cargoes The early slave trade on the Atlantic started by _____ in 1441 – By 1460 about five hundred slaves a year shipped to _____ – By fifteenth century African slaves shipped to sugar plantations on _____ – Portuguese planters imported slaves to _____ – _____ shipped African slaves to the Caribbean, Mexico, Peru, and Central America, 1510s and 1520s – _____ brought slaves to North America early seventeenth century

23. _____: all three legs of voyage profitable – European goods traded for _____ – Slaves traded in the Caribbean for _____ – American produce traded in _____

24. At every stage the slave trade was _____ – Individuals captured in _____ – Forced marched to the coast for _____ – The dreaded _____, where between 25 percent and 50 percent died

25. The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa Volume of the Atlantic slave trade increased _____ – At height--end of the _____--about one hundred thousand shipped per year – Altogether about _____ brought to Americas, another four million died en route

26. Profound impact on _____ – Impact uneven: some societies spared, some societies _____ – Distorted African sex ratios, since two- thirds of exported slaves _____ – Encouraged _____ and forced women to take on men's duties

27. Politically _____ – _____; fostered conflict and violence between peoples – _____, on the "slave coast," grew powerful as a slave- raiding state

28. The African Diaspora

29. Plantation societies _____ introduced to fertile lands of Caribbean early fifteenth century – First _____, then Brazil and Mexico – Important cash crops: _____, rice, indigo, cotton, coffee – Plantations dependent on _____

30. Plantations racially divided: one hundred or more slaves with a few _____ – High death rates in the Caribbean and Brazil; continued _____ – Only about _____ of slaves to North America, where slave families more common

31. _____ to slavery widespread, though dangerous – Slow work, sabotage, and _____ – _____ were rare and were brutally suppressed by plantation owners – 1793: slaves in French colony of Saint- Domingue revolted, abolished slavery, and established the _____

32. The Making of African-American Cultural Traditions African and _____ – Slaves from many tribes; lacked a _____ – Developed creole languages, blending several African languages with the language of _____

33. African-American religions also combined elements from _____ – African-American Christianity was a distinctive ______ – African _____: ritual drumming, animal sacrifice, magic, and sorcery Other African-American _____: hybrid cuisine, weaving, pottery

34. The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery New voices and ideas against _____ – American and French revolutions encouraged ideals of _____ – _____ was a freed slave whose autobiography became a best-seller

35. Slavery became increasingly _____ – _____ made slavery expensive and dangerous – Decline of _____ and rising costs of slaves in the late eighteenth century – _____ industries were more profitable; Africa became a market

36. End of the _____ – Most European states abolished the slave trade in the early _____ – British naval squadrons helped to _____ – The _____ of slavery followed slowly 1833 in _____ 1848 in French colonies 1865 in the United States 1888 in _____