2. Texas People Stephen Austin-led settlers into Texas Santa Anna-Mexican leader Sam Houston-commander of Texas Army, first President of Texas. Davey Crockett-frontiersman, executed at the Alamo

3. Texas The Alamo-Texans had declared independence from Mexico. 150 Texans vs. 6000 Mexicans Texans held out for about 12 days before being defeated-No Survivors

4. Texas Battle of San Jacinto Texans won a major victory, captured Santa Anna Texans killed more than 600 Mexican soldiers, captured 700 more, in about 15 minutes Won Texan independence

5. Mexican War

6. Southwest U.S.A. People James Polk-President of U.S.A.

7. Southwest U.S.A. Events Mexican War Causes U.S. annexed Texas Border dispute over Rio Grande River U.S. wanted western territory.

8. Mexican War U.S. won easy victory.

9. S.W. U.S.A. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Mexico gave U.S. all of California and New Mexico U.S. paid $15 million

10. S.W. U.S.A. Gadsen Purchase U.S. paid Mexico $10 million for a strip of land in Arizona and New Mexico, in order to complete the transcontinental railroad.

11. Gold Rush 49’ers More than doubled the world’s supply of gold Levi Strauss sold the miners sturdy pants made of denim. California’s population: 20,000 (1848), 220,000 (1852).

12. California California applied to become a state in March 1850 but it took 6 months to happen because California not allowing slavery.

14. Florida Andrew Jackson-American general had been leading raids into Florida against the Native Americans. Adams-Onis Treaty-Spain agreed to sell Florida to U.S. for $5 million.

16. Oregon President James Polk Oregon Trail 1843 People left Independence, MO 2000 miles 1840-1860-approx. 50,000 people reach Oregon

17. Oregon Compromise with British Oregon divided at 49 degrees North latitude U.S. received land south of the line

18. Trail of Tears Approx. 15,000 Cherokees forced to give up their possessions, march 1500 miles on foot. About 1/4 of the Cherokees died along the way

19. Trail of Tears “Families at dinner were startled by the sudden gleam of bayonets in the doorway and rose up to be driven with blows and oaths along the weary miles of trail that led to the stockade. Men were seized in their fields or going along the road, women were taken from their wheels and children from their play. In many cases, on turning for one last look as they crossed the ridge, they saw their homes in flames, fired by the lawless rabble that followed on the heels of the soldiers to loot and pillage. So keen were these outlaws on the scent that in some instances they were driving off cattle and other stock of the Indians almost before the soldiers had fairly started the owners in the other direction.” - Elvin Wagner

20. Wounded Knee Dakota Territory December 1890 Plains Native Americans had been performing a “Ghost Dance”. This made settlers and soldiers in the area nervous. U.S. soldiers tried to disarm a large group them and somehow a fight broke out.

21. Wounded Knee More than 200 Native Americans and 25 soldiers died. End of armed conflict between Native Americans and U.S. See Handout

22. Wounded Knee

25. Wounded Knee Testimonies There was a woman with an infant in her arms who was killed as she almost touched the flag of truce, and the women and children of course were strewn all along the circular village until they were dispatched. Right near the flag of truce a mother was shot down with her infant; the child not knowing that its mother was dead was still nursing, and that especially was a very sad sight. The women as they were fleeing with their babes were killed together, shot right through, and the women who were very heavy with child were also killed. All the Indians fled in these three directions, and after most all of them had been killed a cry was made that all those who were not killed wounded should come forth and they would be safe. Little boys who were not wounded came out of their places of refuge, and as soon as they came in sight a number of soldiers surrounded them and butchered them there. -American Horse

26. Wounded Knee Twenty Congressional Medals of Honor were awarded to members of the U.S. Army, 7th Calvary, who participated in the Wounded Knee massacre.

27. Fort Lyons Massacre In the fall of 1874, a large band of Cheyenne and Arapaho signed a treaty with the U.S. government at Fort Lyon, a treaty of peace which also contained a promise of protection by military authorities. Early on a November morning a force of Colorado volunteers led by Colonel John M. Chivington attacked the peaceful Indians while they lay asleep. The volunteers killed anywhere from 200-400 men, women, and children. They raped wounded squaws before killing them, then amputated their fingers, arms, and ears to get rings, necklaces, and other souvenirs. They also knocked the brains out of little children. Chivington and his troops were called “conquering heroes.”

28. Some people’s testimony of the Fort Lyons Massacre... “I saw one squaw lying on the bank, whose leg had been broken. A soldier came up to her with a drawn sabre. She raised her arm to protect herself; he struck, breaking her arm. She rolled over, and raised her other arm, breaking that, and then left without killing her. I saw one squaw cut open, with an unborn child lying by her side.”-Robert Bent

29. More testimony-Major Anthony “There was one little child, probably three years old, just big enough to walk through the sand. The Indians had gone ahead, and this little child was behind following them. The little fellow was perfectly naked, traveling in the sand. I saw one man get off his horse at a distance of about seventy-five yards and draw up his rifle and fire. He missed the child. Another man came up and said, “Let me try the son of a **, I can hit him.” He got down off his horse, kneeled down, and fired at the little child, but he missed him. A third man came up, and made a similar remark, and the little fellow dropped.” -

30. Forced Migration of Native Americans

31. Inventors

32. John Deere Steel plow Allowed “easy” cultivation of soil in the Great Plains.

33. Elias Howe Sewing Machine Increased the demand for cotton, which led to more land being needed to grow cotton.

34. Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper Increased the demand for wheat, which led to more land being needed to grow wheat.

35. Samuel Morse Telegraph Made communication with people in remote areas much easier.

36. Eli Whitney Cotton Gin Made cotton profitable to grow because the seeds could be removed much quicker. This increased the demand for cotton, which led to more land being needed to grow cotton.