1. CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis University at Albany, SUNY Email: DonH@albany.edu Phone: (518) 442-4668 3 rd Annual Ferritor Lecture in Community University of Arkansas, Fayetteville April 3, 2008 Acknowledgements: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation and Suzanne E. Macartney

2. ● Children: The Leading Edge of the New American Majority ● Family Strengths ● Major Challenges ● Family Strengths ● English Language Fluency ● Children and Schools ● Economic Consequences of Immigration ● New Child-Based Community Data – OVERVIEW – Strengths, Challenges, and Resources of Immigrant Children and Families

3. Slide 3. Projected Percent of U.S. Children in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups

4. Slide 4. Estimates and Projected Percent of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2000 and 2030 Presented by Donald J. Hernandez. Data is from the Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued March 18, 2004.

5. Slide 5. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families: 1910, 1960, 1990 and 2000 4/5 Citizens Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

6. Slide 6. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families by Region of Origin, 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

7. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censuses 1990 and 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. 276% increase for Arkansas

8. Children in Immigrant Families ● 1 st generation -- foreign-born ● 2 nd generation -- U.S.-born, with at least one foreign-born parent Children in Native-Born Families ● 3 rd (and later) generations -- U.S.-born, with U.S.-born parents Slide 8. Children in Immigrant and Native Families

9. ● American Indian/Alaskan (many tribes) ● Asian (countries or origin) ● Black ● Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander (Pacific countries of origin) ● White Slide 9. Race Categories from Census 2000

10. ● Mexican ● Puerto Rican -- Mainland-origin -- (child and parents born on mainland) -- Island-origin -- (child or parent(s) born in Puerto Rico) ● Other specific countries of origin Hispanic Slide 10. Hispanic Origin Categories from Census 2000

11. ● Country of birth (detailed) ● For children…parent’s country of birth available, if parents are in household ● U.S. citizenship ● No information on legal/refuge status Slide 11. Country of Origin and Immigrant Status from Census 2000

12. Native-Born Families: ● White, Non-Hispanic ● Black, Non-Hispanic ● Hispanic ● Native American, Non-Hispanic Immigrant Families: ● Mexico/Central America ● Asia ● Europe/Canada/Australia, New Zealand Slide 12. Children For Whom Results Are Presented Here

13. Figure 13. Percent of Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families by Country of Origin and in Native-Born Families by Race-Ethnicity, Census 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

14. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 14. Percent Who Live in Immigrant Families, among Arkansas Children in Specific Race-Ethnic Groups, Census 2000

15. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 15. Percent Who are U.S. Citizens among Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families, Census 2000

16. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 16. Percent with a U.S.-Born Parent among Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families, Census 2000

17. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 17. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Two Parents, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

18. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 18. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with a Grandparent in the Home, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

19. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 19. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Four or More Siblings in the Home, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

20. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 20. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Another Adult Relative in the Home, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

21. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 21. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Working Fathers, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

22. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 22. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Mothers Working, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

23. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 23. Percent of Arkansas Children with Another Worker in the Home, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

24. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 24. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father not a High School Graduate, or Father 0-8 Years of School, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families

25. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 25. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father Not Working Full-time, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families

26. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 26. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father Earning < 100% or at Least 100% but < 200% of Federal Minimum Wage, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families

27. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 27. Percent of Arkansas Children Living in Official Poverty, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families

28. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 28. Percent of Arkansas Children Living in “Baseline” and “Comprehensive” Basic Budget Poverty, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

29. Slide 29. Percent of Children Living in Poverty by Country, 2000 (Comparable to Baseline Basic Budget Poverty) 50% 100% Source: UNICEF (2005) Child Poverty in Rich Countries, 2005. Innocenti Report Card No. 6. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.

30. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 30. Percent of Arkansas Children in Families with Moderate or Severe Housing-Cost Burden, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

31. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 31. Percent of Arkansas Children Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

32. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 32. Percent of Arkansas Children in Families with Homes Owned by Parents or Relatives, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

33. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 33. Percent of Arkansas Children with One or Both Parents Limited English Proficient (LEP), Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

34. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 34. Percent of Arkansas Children Who Are Limited English Proficient (LEP), Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

35. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Figure 35. Percent of Arkansas Children Speaking English Very Well and Speaking Another Language at Home, Census 2000 Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families

36. Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files. Native-Born FamiliesImmigrant Families Slide 36. Percent of Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000

37. Slide 37. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Holds Promise for Educating Immigrants’ Children NCLB requires schools to improve performance of… LEP, black, Hispanic, and Asian students (Many children of immigrants are in these categories) NCLB requires schools to measure and improve English proficiency of students Parents of LEP students and immigrant parents share with other parents the right… To be informed about their child’s progress, and their school’s progress To transfer their child to another school if the local school fails to make sufficient progress.

38. Slide 38. No Child Left Behind Act Mandates for the First Time that… Performance of LEP students be disaggregated Schools be held accountable for … academic progress of LEP students … to the same extent as other students NCLB requirements for parental involvement… Are an important incentive for schools to … reach out to recent immigrant communities

41. Slide 41. Number of LEP Students in Arkansas Counties, 2004-2005

42. Slide 42. Percent Change in LEP Enrollment Between 2000-2001 to 2004-2005

43. Slide 43. Socioeconomic and Cultural Barriers to Enrollment in Early Education Programs FAMILISTIC CULTURAL BARRIERS – Preference for child care by family members SOCIOECONOMIC BARRIERS – Cannot afford the cost of early education – To few early education openings locally – No program outreach in home languages – Programs not culturally competent – May not know how to access early education – May not be aware of value of early education

44. Slide 44. Percent Reduction in Enrollment Gap Compared to Native Whites Due to Socioeconomic and Cultural Influences Socioeconomic Cultural Age 3 Age 4 Age 3 Age 4 Native Mexican.….... 66-100 52-72 0-10 0-3 Immigrant Mexico……... 70-80 53-79 0-9 0-14 Central Am… 89-100 76-100 0 0-39 Indochina….. 56-98 52-100 0-6 0-17 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

45. Slide 45. Pre-k/Nursery School Enrollment for Children in Immigrant and Native Families in the U.S. and Mexico at Age 4 Age 4 Native White in U.S. ….………... 71% (2004) Native Mexican in Mexico …….. 81% (2005) Immigrant Mexican in U.S. …… 55% (2004) Source: Donald J. Hernandez, et al (forthcoming) and OECD (2006)

46. Slide 46. Demographic Overview for Children in Immigrant Families immigrant resources: Two-parent families with other adults in home Strong work ethic Bilingual skills for U.S. economy Homeownership, commitment to community immigrant challenges: Low educational attainments Much part-time, part-year work High Poverty Limited English proficiency Low pre-k/nursery school enrollment

47. Slide 47. Short-Term Economic Consequences of Immigration Competition from new immigrant workers lowers wages mainly for earlier immigrants Immigrants benefit by earning higher incomes than they would in their country of origin Complementary immigrant job skills lead to better wages for native workers Complementary immigrant job skills lead to net gains in economic output of $1-$10 billion per year Consumers benefit from lower cost goods and services produced by immigrants Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

48. Slide 48. Long-Term Impact of Current U.S. Immigrants on Government Taxes/Expenditures For the average immigrant: State/Local benefits exceed taxes by $25,000 Federal taxes exceed benefits by $105,000 All taxes exceed benefits by $80,000 Therefore, … the lifetime net contribution of the average immigrant to government treasuries is $80,000 Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

49. Slide 49. Economic and Job Impacts of Immigrant Spending in Arkansas, 1990-2010* Economic Spin-off Impact new jobs 1990 ….. $ 453 million … 3,600 2000 ….. $ 2.025 billion … 16,000 2004 ….. $ 2.913 billion … 23,100 Projected: 2010..... $ 5.200 billion … 87,000 * Economic and job impacts on Arkansas economy are the result of immigrant purchases, that is, direct consumer spending, measured as income after taxes and not counting remittances to the country of origin, savings, or interest payments. Source: John D. Karsarda, James H. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Appold, and Derrek L. Croney, “ A Profile of Immigrants in Arkansas, volume 2: Impacts on the Arkansas Economy, Winthrop Rockefeller foundation, April 2007.

50. Slide 50. Annual Tax Contributions and Costs of Current Arkansas Immigrants for the State of Arkansas, 2004 Tax Contributions in millions: $111 …Direct sales tax 82 … Personal income and property taxes 47 … Indirect business taxes 17 … Indirect personal taxes $257 … TOTAL Tax costs in millions: $186 … Education, K-12 37 … Health 15 … Corrections $237 … TOTAL Source: John D. Karsarda, James H. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Appold, and Derrek L. Croney, “ A Profile of Immigrants in Arkansas, volume 2: Impacts on the Arkansas Economy, Winthrop Rockefeller foundation, April 2007.

51. Slide 51. Annual Net Tax Impact of Current Arkansas Immigrants for the State of Arkansas, 2004 Contributions of immigrants exceed costs by: $19.5 million across all immigrants $158 per immigrant Source: John D. Karsarda, James H. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Appold, and Derrek L. Croney, “ A Profile of Immigrants in Arkansas, volume 2: Impacts on the Arkansas Economy, Winthrop Rockefeller foundation, April 2007.

52. Slide 52. New Child Indicators for Public Policy, Advocacy, and Philanthropy supported by -- Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation -- The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation -- Annie E. Casey Foundation -- Foundation for Child Development -- W. T. Grant Foundation -- Center for Law and Social Policy -- National Task Force on Early Childhood Education for Hispanics

53. Slide 53. WE HAVE PRODUCED 200 CHILD INDICATORS FOR LOCAL AREAS Topics include Immigrant Generation, Country of Origin, Language Proficiency, Citizenship, Race-Ethnicity and Family, Economic, Educational, Housing, and Neighborhood Situations available at: www.albany.edu/csda/children

54. Slide 54. Indicators are Available for Many Local Areas U.S. national data 50 States and District of Columbia Rural regions of 50 states (available soon) 200 Metropolitan areas California counties and Great Valley Texas-Mexican border region (Texas side) New York City and boroughs

55. Slide 55. UNICEF PROJECT: Internationally Comparable Indicators Soon Available for 8 Countries Australia France Germany Italy Netherlands Switzerland United Kingdom U.S.A.

56. CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS by DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis University at Albany, SUNY Email: DonH@albany.edu Phone: (518) 442-4668 3 rd Annual Ferritor Lecture in Community University of Arkansas, Fayetteville April 3, 2009 Acknowledgements: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation and Suzanne E. Macartney