1. Brianne E. Charles Emily Mueller Epstein University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee 80 th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, San Francisco, 15-19 April 2015. Symposium: People that no one had use for, had nothing to give to, no place to offer: The Milwaukee County Institution Grounds Poor Farm Cemetery

4. Maresh (1970) Moorrees et al. (1963) Fazekas and Kosa (1978) 40 weeks 36 weeks 32 weeks 1 month 2 months

5. From Moorrees et al. (1963a), Figures 1,2, and 4. CaninesMolars male

11. Dr. Pat Richards for the opportunity to work on the project Eric Burant, Shannon Freire, Adrienne Frie, Chris Hamlin, Alexis Jordan, Jessica Skinner, and David Strange for diligent analysis of the subadult remains

12. Bowman, J. E., S. M. MacLaughlin, and J. L. Scheuer 1992 The Relationship between Biological and Chronological Age in the Juveniles from St. Bride’s Church, Fleet Street. Annals of Human Biology 19:216. Demisch, A., and P. Wartmann 1956 Calcification of the Mandibular Third Molar and its Relation to Skeletal and Chronological Age in Children. Child Development 27: 459-473. Fazekas, I. Gy., and F. Kosa 1978 Forensic Fetal Osteology. Akademiai Kaido, Budapest. Garn, S. M., A. B. Lewis, and D. L. Polacheck 1959 Variability of Tooth Formation. Journal of Dental Research 38: 135-148. Gleiser, I., and E. E. Hunt, Jr. 1955 The Permanent Mandibular First Molar: Its Calcification, Eruption, and Decay. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 13: 253-284. Maresh, M. M. 1970 Measurements from Roentgenograms. In: Human Growth and Development, edited by R. W. McCammon, pp. 157-200. C.C. Thomas, Springfield, IL. Moorrees, Conrad F. A., Elizabeth A. Fanning, and Edward E. Hunt 1963a Formation and Resorption of Three Deciduous Teeth in Children. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 21: 205-213. Nolla, C.M. 1960 The Development of the Permanent Teeth. Journal of Dentistry for Children 27:254-266. Sunderland, E. P., C. J. Smith, and R. Sunderland 1987 A Histological Study of the Chronology of Initial Mineralization in the Human Deciduous Dentition. Archives of Oral Biology 32:167-174. Ubelaker, Douglas H. 1989a Human Skeletal Remains. 2nd. Ed. Taraxacum Press, Washington, D. C.