1. Emergency Exposure Situations Developing a National Capability for Response to a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency Step-by-step Approach to Developing Emergency Response Capability Lecture IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course in Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources

2. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response 2 Introduction l At least a minimum level of planning is necessary for every country l Even countries without radiological activities can be effected by an emergency involving: n Transport n Lost or stolen sources n Transboundary contamination l Lecture presents practical step-by-step process for developing capability to respond adequately to a nuclear or radiological emergency

3. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response 3 Content l Planning methodology l Getting started l Ten steps (tasks) l Summary

4. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response 4 Planning Methodology l Planning methodology - approach for developing and maintaining a capability to respond to a radiation emergency l Assumes only limited response arrangements are in place. The planning methodology are: n Modular n Based on extensive consultations n Dynamic l Good guidance for preparing an action plan integrated into an all-hazard planning process

5. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response 5 Planning Methodology 10 TASKS Task 1. Review national policy Task 2. Perform threat assessment Task 3. Develop planning basis Task 4. Develop concept of operations and allocate responsibilities Task 5. Develop interim capability Task 6. Write national radiation emergency plan (NREP) Task 7. Present NREP Task 8. Implement detailed plans Task 9. Test the capability Task 10. Establish ongoing quality assurance (QA) and maintenance.

6. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response6 Getting Started l Existing governmental body or organization should act as national coordinating authority l Functions of this authority include: n Ensuring responsibilities are assigned n Resolving differences n Precluding incompatible arrangements between various parties l This authority should have the ability to co-ordinate the response preparations for all the national level organizations with roles in preparation for, or response to, radiation emergencies, conventional emergencies or criminal activities

7. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response7 Within the national coordinating body, designate a single overall national emergency planning coordinator, NEPC

8. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response8 National Emergency Planning Coordinator Coordinator should have: l Technical and operational knowledge of emergency preparedness and response issues l Decisional authority to ensure effective co- ordination process l Sufficient staff and long term resources to develop and maintain response capability

9. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response9 National Emergency Planning Coordinator (1) Coordinator should have: l Multi-year budget l Power to call upon representatives of different organizations l Allocation of responsibilities in radiation emergency preparedness and response

10. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response10 The coordinator should involve all parties in the planning process who have an interest in the development and implementation of the emergency plan(s) at the early stage

11. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response11 l The process in developing a response capability is complex. l It is helpful, before planning begins, to have an outline of the content of the final set of integrated emergency plans for the national, facility and local levels. l The emergency plan outline will be discussed in the another lecture Develop an outline of the integrated plans

12. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response 12 Ten Tasks TasksExample of Implementation Time Designate National Planning Coordinator 1. Review national policy 2. Perform threat assessment 3. Develop planning basis 4. Allocate responsibilities 5. Develop interim capability 6. Write NREP 7. Present NREP 8. Implement detailed plans 9. Test capability 10. Establish ongoing QA programme

13. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response13 Task 1 – Review National Policy l Review and document results in NREP n National laws or acts for emergencies(all types!) n International agreements l Description of roles, responsibilities and capabilities of n Major national ministries n Local governments and operators l Description of integration into planning for other types of emergencies l Description of emergency management

14. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response14 Task 1- Review National Policy (1) l Responsibility for coordination of potential radiation emergencies addressed l Clarify how responsibilities and authorities could change as emergency progresses l Planning may identify necessary revisions to legal infrastructure l Identify how an incident command system(ICS) has worked out and how radiological response could be integrated l If needed, government policy statements or agreements between response organizations can be used in the interim

15. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response15 Task 1- Review National Policy (2) The questions are: l Does the regulatory authority know how the civil defence system works? l Does the civil defence system know the technical capabilities that the regulatory authority and other specialized institutions have in radiation matters? Result n Preliminary report

16. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response16 Task 2 – Perform Threat Assessment l l Conduct a national threat assessment to identify practices and facilities that may possibly need emergency intervention within the country l l Include facilities outside the country l l Consider that radiation sources may cross the border either legally or illegally (bustling of radiation sources) l l Determine the level of preparedness required by determining which threat categories apply l l Radiological control points of scrap metal might be considered

17. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response17 Threat Assessment Identify: l Threat category of facilities within the country l Threat category I and II facilities outside the country in nearby countries that are within the food restriction planning radius l Threat category of jurisdictions within the country l Operators of mobile dangerous sources (threat category IV) that could result in emergencies throughout the country

18. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response18 Threat Assessment (1) l Minimum level of threat assumed to exist for all areas l Emergencies that can occur anywhere: n Radioactive material shipments through the country n Uses of dangerous mobile sources for medical or industrial purposes n Locations at which there is a significant probability of encountering a dangerous source

19. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response 19 Emergency Zones and Threat Categories For Jurisdictions

20. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response20 l Risk maps n Threat categories for each jurisdiction n Planning zones for threat categories I and II n Location of facilities where radiation sources are used n Routes where radioactive material is transported n Locations where a significant probability of encountering a dangerous source which has been lost, abandoned or stolen n An idea of functional and infrastructure elements in each jurisdiction l Preliminary report Results of analysis Task 2 – Perform Threat Assessment

21. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response21 Task 3 – Developing a Planning Basis l Gather and document information about possible accidents and local areas n Operator information n Off-site information n Off-site environmental conditions l Describe the information in the NREP

22. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response22 Information Needs for a Planning Basis l National laws and regulations l Responsibilities l Facility or operator information l Off-site general information l Off-site environmental conditions The information should be documented and briefly described in the NREP

23. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response23 Planning Basis Planning Basis l Planning basis goes beyond the planning category l What does a technical planning basis contain? n Description of postulated design basis and severe accidents, including typical event sequences n Content and typical timelines of postulated releases of radioactive material to environment

24. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response24 Planning Basis (1) Planning Basis (1) l What does a technical planning basis contain? n Postulated doses n Main exposure pathways n Discussion of effectiveness of protective actions n Emergency planning zones n Recommended emergency response strategy

25. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response25 Task 3 – Developing a Planning Basis l Result l Preliminary report based on readily available information should be quickly developed for use as input in the development of an interim capability

26. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response26 Task 4 – Develop a Concept of Operations and Responsibilities l Develop basic concept of operations describing response to each type of emergency l Determine and assign roles and responsibilities of each group, organization or individual involved in emergency preparedness and response

27. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response27 Emergency Threat Category for Government Jurisdictions Threat category Local planning jurisdictions National planning Countries IResponsible for UPA within PAZ and UPZ With territory within PAZ, UPZ or food restriction radius IIResponsible for UPA within UPZ With territory within UPZ or food restriction radius IIIResponsible for providing emergency services Containing category III facility IVAll VResponsible for local actions in food restriction planning radius With territory within food restriction planning radius

28. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response28 Identification and Assignment of Critical Tasks l Worksheet with list of critical tasks needed for successful response should be prepared l Worksheet should be distributed to each organization that may have role in off-site response l Each organization asked to complete portions of worksheet which it believes are applicable, indicating who is responsible for task l Completed worksheets assessed at national and local levels to identify gaps, overlaps and conflicts

29. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response29 Task 5 – Develop an Interim Capability l Establish interim capability l Establish radiation emergencies notification point l Identify key persons l Train specialized teams in radiation protection l Establish a warning point for receipt of notifications from IAEA l This task should not be overlooked

30. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response30 Task 6 – Write the NREP l Develop National Radiation Emergency Response Plan (NREP) l NREP should address: n Planning basis n Responsibilities for national and local level n Responsibilities of different response organizations n Concept of operations for each threat category and postulated accident n Response facilities, communications, logistic support at national level, etc. n Arrangements to meet the functional requirements n Arrangements to meet infrastructural requirements

31. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response31 Task 7 – Present the NREP l Give formal presentations to organizations that may be involved directly or indirectly in the plan l Achieve common understanding of response concepts and principles l Allow unforeseen issues to be raised and resolved before they become real difficulties l At the end of the process, formal acceptance of NREP requested

32. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response32 Task 8 – Implement Detailed Plans l Detailed plans developed for each local government or jurisdiction identified in task 2 l Operator must prepare detailed plans in close coordination with off-site emergency services l Organizations involved in NREP develop plans to fulfil responsibilities allocated to them l Develop infrastructure and functional capabilities needed to implement the NREP at the local and operator level l Include plans, procedures, staff, organization, facilities, equipment and training

33. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response33 Task 9 – Test Capability l Prepare and conduct a drill and exercises program according to level of preparedness l Must be included in a training program l Conduct drills and exercises n Drills provide training n Exercises test and verify adequacy of entire system including plans, procedures, facilities, equipment and training l Identify and correct deficiencies

34. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response34 Task 10 – Establish Ongoing QA and Maintenance l Ensure emergency response capability is maintained and periodically validated l Programmes include the following: n Review of plan and procedures n Review of training programme n Exercise programme n Feed-back process for lessons learned during exercises and real emergencies

35. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response35 Remember A long-term staff and budget must be provided to ensure that the capability is maintained

36. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response36 Ultimately l Country should adopt legislation which clearly allocates responsibilities for preparedness and response l Regulatory body should require emergency plans be prepared for on-site area for any practice or source l Regulatory body should ensure plans integrated with those of other response organizations

37. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response37 Summary l At least a minimum level of planning is necessary for any country l Developing national emergency response capability requires a systematic approach. Be sure this is a long term process l The process is modular, requires extensive consultations with all relevant organizations and is dynamic l Implementing an action plan based on the ten tasks process will provide guidance to create capabilities to respond to any radiation emergency

38. Module IX.4 - Developing a National Capability for Response38 Where to Get More Information l IAEA, Method for Developing Arrangements for Response to a Nuclear or Radiological Emergency, Updated TECDOC-953, EPR-Method, IAEA, Vienna (2003)