1. Chemical analysis of flavonoids
Chemical analysis of flavonoids. Medicinal plants and medical plant material that contain flavonoids with cardiovascular, P-vitamin and haemostatic action

2. FLAVONOIDS
are polyphenolic compounds comprising fifteen carbons, with two aromatic rings connected by a three-carbon bridge (C6-C3-C6).
Flavan

3. The B ring formation is produced by a shikimate pathway

4. The A ring and propane fragment are formed via acetate pathway

6. Classification of flavonoids
Depending on the position of the linkage of the aromatic ring to the benzopyrano (chromano) moiety, this group of natural products may be divided into three classes:
the true flavonoids (2-phenylbenzopyrans); the isoflavonoids (3-benzopyranes) and the neoflavonoids (2-benzopyranes)

7. True Flavonoids
Chromane derivatives 2. Chromone derivatives
- catechins (flavan-3-ols); - flavanons;
- leucoanthocyanidins flavanonols;
(flavan-3,4,-diols); flavones;
- anthocyanidins flavonols;
- chalcones;
- dihydrochalcones;
- aurones

9. Anthocyanidins Flavanones Flavones Liquiritigenin Nanringenin
Name
Pelargonidin
Cyanidin
Delfinidin
Flavanones
Name
Liquiritigenin
Nanringenin
Eriodictyol
Hesperetin
Flavones
Name
Apigenin
Luteolin
Aquacetin
Diosmetin

10. Name Kaemferol Quercetin Myricetin Rhamnetin Isorhamnetin Chalcones
Flavonols
Name
Kaemferol
Quercetin
Myricetin
Rhamnetin
Isorhamnetin
Chalcones
Name
Butein
Isoliquiritigenin

12. Extraction and investigation methods of flavonoids
Ethanol and methanol are mainly used for flavonoid extraction. Spirituous extracts are evaporated to water residue, then diluted with water and treated by chloroform for lipids and lipoids (chlorophylls, carotenoids, waxes, etc.) separation. Purified water residue is treated by diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, propanol, butanol in series, getting fractions of aglycones, mono-, di-, triglycosides.

13. Identification Cyanidin test Test with boric and citric acids
An azo coupling
The reaction of alkali
Concentrated sulphuric acid test
The reaction with vanillin in concentrated hedrochloric acid
The reaction of iron III chloride
The reaction of lead acetate

14. Colorless, changing to red
Compounds
Cyanidin test
КОН
FeCl3
lead acetate
Flavanols
Red-violet
Yellow
Brown
Yellow residue
Flavonols
Red
Green
Flavones
Orange
Red-brown
Chalcones
Yellow-orange
Aurones
Orange-red
Yellow residue
Catechins
Colorless, changing to red
From brown to blue

15. Quantitative analysis
There are plenty of methods for flavonoid assay: gravimetry, titration, fluorimetry, polarography, photocolorimetry, but the most widespread method is spectrometry. It is based on reactions with metal ions, azo coupling, boric acid with further determination of the optical density in UV and visible regions of the spectrum at a proper wavelength.

16. Motherwort Herb – Leonuri herba, EP Motherwort – Leonurus cardiaca L
Motherwort Herb – Leonuri herba, EP Motherwort – Leonurus cardiaca L., Leonurus quinquelobatus Mint family- Lamiaceae Syn.: Throw-wort, Lion’s Ear, Lion’s Tail.
BAS: complex flavonoids, alkaloides (major is stachydrine),irydoides, tannins, terpenoids. Major flavonoids – hyperoside, kaemferol-3-D-glucoside rutin, quercetin, isoquercetin, tannins and a small amount of essential oil. The EP requires a minimum flavonoid content for the drug of 0,2 % expressed as hyperoside and assayed by adsorbance at 425 nm
Pharmacological activity: infusion and tincture as sedative and hypotensive agent in cardiovascular neurosis, the initial stages of hypertension, cardiosclerosis, increased nervous excitability.
Dosage forms: infusion included Mixture antiasthmatlca Trascovi, tincture included CardioPhyt, Biovital, Gerovital, Doppelherz# Energotonic

17. Hawthorn Fruit – Crataegi Fructus Hawthorn Flower – Crataegi Flores Hawthorn –Crataegus sanguinea Pall., Family Rosaceae– Rosaceae. Syn.: May, mayblossom, maythorn
BAS: giperoside (0,7%), C-glycosides vitexin:, rutin, dominate in the leaves.
The fruits contain epicatechin, oligomers anthocyanidins, and also anthocyans, pectins, ascorbic acid
Pharmacological activity : Galene drugs have cardiotonic, hypotensive, sedative and antispasmodic action, reduce the excitability of the central nervous system, have tonics effect on the heart muscle, enhanced blood circulation in coronary heart and cerebrovascular, eliminate tachycardia and arrhythmia .
Dosage forms : Liquid extract of the fruit included to “Саrdiovalenum”. Liquid extracts from flowers included to
CardioPhyt, Biovital, Gerovital and Phytulventum

18. Water pepper Herb – Polygoni hydropiperis Herba , Water pepper – Polygonum hydropiper L., Family Polygonacea– Polygonaceae. Syn.: Smartweed, Biting persicaria, Bity tongue, Pepper plant
BAS: rutin, quercetin, hiperosed, cemppherol, tannins, vitamins K and C.
Raw materials containing substances such as colored phagopirin causing phagopiryzm (sensitivity to light).
Pharmacological activity : hemostatic, незначний послаблюючий ефект.
Dosage forms: liquid extract

19. Redshank Herb – Polygoni persicariae herba Redshank – Polygonum persicaria L., Family Polygonaceae. – Polygonaceae. Syn.: Persicaria, Redleg, Lady’s-thumb, Adam’s plaster
BAS: hiperosed, isoquercetin,, tetrametilquercetin. Herb containing vitamin K, tannin, flobafen –free galou acid,, essential oil, pectins.
Pharmacological activity : hemostatic, a slight laxativ effect.
Dosage forms: tea, extract

20. MRM which contain flavonoids with P-vitamin activity P-vitamin activity means that medicine or herb strength capillaries.

21. Black chokeberry fruit – Aroniae melanocarpae Fructus recentes Black chokeberry – Aronia melanocarpa (Michx) Elliot Rosaceae
Constituents. Cyanidin and it’s glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids- rutin, quercetin, gesperidin; pectines; ascorbic acid; big amount of iodine (5-6 mcg/100g), Folic acid, riboflavin, tocopherol, carotinoids; lipids, wax, paraffin.
Uses. Fresh fruits and juice are used for prevention of vitamin P insufficiency, they are useful for those with hypertension. Lipophilic substances are the part of Aromelin which has restorative action.

22. Constituents. Up to 20% of rutin.
Pagoda tree buds – Sophorae japonicae Alabastrae Pagoda tree fruit – Sophorae japonicae Fructus Pagoda tree – Sophora japonica Syn.: Chinese Scholar, Japanese pagoda tree. Fabaceae
Constituents. Up to 20% of rutin.
Uses. As the main constituent is rutin the plant is used in the treatment of circulatory diseases (Ascorutin, Vikalin, Rutes). Tincture has antiseptic properties.

23. Lemon peel – Citri Exocarpium Lemon - Citrus limon Rutaceae
Constituents: flavonoids, especially neohesperidosides and rutinosides of hesperetin and naringenin (rutin, eriocitrin, neohesperidin, hesperidin) along with many other flavonoids (44 flavone glycoside were detected); essential oil (+ limonene as the principle component, citral – determine the odour); carotenoids, citric acid and many other plant acids, coumarin derivatives, pectins.
Uses. It’s used chiefly as an aromatic and stomachic. The efficacy of lemon flavonoids in treating varicose veins is related to their ability to reduce capillary fragility, increase integrity of the venous wall and increase the muscular tone of the vein.
The raw material and its extracts are used to treat diseases of the blood vessels and lymph system, including haemorrhoids, chronic venous insufficiency, leg ulcers, nosebleeds.

24. Tea leaf – Theae folia Tea – Thea sinensis (syn. Camellia sinensis) (L
Tea leaf – Theae folia Tea – Thea sinensis (syn. Camellia sinensis) (L.) Theaceae
Constituents: abundant flavonoids, including the apigenin derivatives isoschaftoside and vicetin-3, catechols, leucoanthicyanidins, theaflavins, condensed tannins (10-20 %), 4-gallocatechol, phenolic carboxilic acids (gallic, chlorogenic); methylxanthines (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline, adenine, xanthine); the flavour and aroma substances, some of which arise during the fermentation stage (hex-3-en-1-ol, benzyl alcohol, linalool in black tea and geraniol in grean tea); triterpenoid saponins.
Uses. Owing to its caffeine content, tea serves as a stimulant, and bacause of its tannin content it can be used an anthidiarrhoeic. Polyphenols have P-vitamin and the antioxidant activity. Strong tea is given in poisonings caused by central nervous system inhibitors, alcohol, heavy metals.