1. Government Subsidies and Income Support for the Poor
Chapter 7
Government Subsidies and Income Support for the Poor

2. Poverty in 2001 33 million people in U.S. affected
12% of the population classified as poor

3. Poverty in the United States Poverty threshold or poverty line in 2001
Family Structure
Threshold ($ income annually)
Single
$9,214
One Adult-Two Children
$14,269
Two Adults-Two Children
$17,960

4. Poverty line
Poverty Line: originally created by the Social Security Administration as three times the cost of a nutritionally adequate diet
Updated annually for inflation using the CPI

5. Poverty Rate

6. Why We Have Government Programs to Aid the Poor
Concern about equity-efficiency trade-offs.
Creates the positive externality of social stability.

7. Entitlement Programs: Government programs that guarantee recipients benefits as long as they meet eligibility tests .
Means Tests: typically income and wealth criteria that must be met for an individual or family to be eligible for a program
Status Tests: typically disability, children, and age criteria that must be met for an individual or family to be eligible for a program.

8. Cash Programs TANF: Temporary Aid to Needy Families
Program most identified with a welfare check; may provide for child-care expenses or job retraining
SSI: Supplemental Security Income
Program provides cash payments to the widowed, orphaned and disabled.
EITC: Earned Income Tax Credit
A program that increases the take-home pay of the working poor by as much as $4140 in 2002 for a family with two children.

9. In-Kind Programs
Food Stamps: vouchers that enable a broad class of poor people to purchase a wide variety of food products
WIC vouchers: enable poor, pregnant, and post-natal women to purchase a narrow variety of food products.
Medicaid: federal and state funded program that provides health care services to the poor
The Children’s Health Insurance Program: federal program that subsidizes health insurance coverage for the working poor.

10. Major Federal Government Expenditures To Aid the Poor, 2003
Program
Federal Spending Dollars (Billions)
Percentage of Federal Spending
SSI
$32
1.52
TANF
$26
1.23
EITC
$35
1.66
Subtotal of Cash Programs
$93
4.41
Medicaid
$155
7.36
Food Stamps
$24
1.14
Child Protection and Social Services $4
0.52
Child Nutrition
$11
9.21
Subtotal of In-Kind Programs
$287
13.62

11. Price Distorting Subsidies
Price Distorting Subsidies lower the price of a particular (subsidized) good relative to other goods for eligible people.

12. Figure 7.1 A Price Distorting SubsidyH1 N1 E1 U1
Expenditure on Other Goods
per Month (Dollars)
Housing Services per Month L' L U2 E2 I A B H3 N3 E3 H2 N2 S
Subsidy

13. Dead Weight Loss or Excess Burden
Dead Weight Loss (sometimes called Excess Burden ) measures the extra benefit a recipient can enjoy from the dollar amount of the price-distorting subsidy if instead the grant was received in a lump sum.

14. Figure 7.2 Excess Burden of a Subsidy
Number of Apartments Rented
Rent (Dollars per Month)
D = MSB A
Excess Burden of Subsidy B E Q1
400
S = MSC Q2 F E’ S’
200 C

15. Figure 7.3 Full Subsidization of Medical Services
Medical Office Visits per Year
Price (Dollars per Month) B
MBL Q* E1 QG E2 A
25 = P*
Excess Burden

16. Additional Effects of Subsidies: The Case of Increasing Costs
Taxpayers face a double burden: not only must they pay Medicaid costs through taxes,the program also increases the amount non-eligible patients pay for medical services by increasing demand for those services.

17. Figure 7.4 The Impact of The Medicaid Program on Price: The Case of Increasing Cost
Price (Dollars)
Medical Office Visits per Year
S = MSC 35 Q2 E2 DO DL
DM'
DM = MSB
QO' QI E1 25 QL QO QG

18. Subsidizing Food
Food Stamps: subsidies that allow recipients particular allotments of vouchers to buy food, but recipients may supplement the subsidy with their own cash. It is illegal to sell food stamps, though it may be in the recipients’ interests to do so.

19. Figure 7.7 The Impact of an In-Kind Transfer: Food StampsB
Expenditure on Other Goods
per Month (Dollars) A
Food per Month B F U3 A' B L E2
QF* C QF I U2 I A U1 M1
QF1 E1 U2 A U1
QF2 E1 M1 QF C A' M2
QF2 E2

20. The Impact of Government Assistance Programs on Work
Transfers could cause people to work more or less, depending on whether leisure is a normal good.

21. Figure 7.8 The Income Effect of a Transfer
Income per Day
Leisure Hours per Day 24 U3 E3 C L2 U2 E2 A L1 U1 E1 D
Transfer
Payment B

22. Figure 7. 9 A Transfer that Declines with Earned Income e. g. T=$300-
Figure 7.9 A Transfer that Declines with Earned Income e.g. T=$300-.7IE 24
Leisure Hours per Day
Income per Day A B U2 U1 L* C L2 E2 L1 E1
Maximum
Daily
Transfer D

23. Empirical Evidence
A 10% increase in welfare payments to individuals decreases work effort by 2%.

24. Negative Income Tax T = IG – tNIE
The Negative Income Tax is a system with no status test, but there is an income guarantee and a take-back rate.
T = IG – tNIE
Where
IG = Income guarantee
tN = take back rate
IE = earned income
T = Transfer

25. Break-Even Income
0 = IG – tNIB
IB = IG/tN

26. Negative Income Tax Earned Income IE Transfer T = IG – tNIE
Disposable Income ID
5,000
1,000
5,000 – (.5 × 1000) = 4,500
5,500
2,000
5,000 – (.5 × 2000) = 4,000
6,000
3,000
5,000 – (.5 × 3000) = 3,500
6,500
4,000
5,000 – (.5 × 4000) = 3,000
7,000
5,000 – (.5 × 5000) = 2,500
7,500
5,000 – (.5 × 6000) = 2,000
8,000
5,000 – (.5 × 7000) = 1,500
8,500
5,000 – (.5 × 8000) = 1,000
9,000
5,000 – (.5 × 9000) = 500
9,500
10,000
5,000 – (.5 × 10000) = 0

27. EITC
The Earned Income Tax Credit goes to the working poor and varies with the number of children. Typically, recipients receive the assistance with their tax refund, but papers can be filed to receive the money in their paychecks throughout the year.

28. EITC (2002; two-child family)
Total Earned Income
EITC $0
$2,000
$810
$4,000
$1,610
$6,000
$2,410
$8,000
$3,210
$10,000
$4,140
$15,000
$3,823
$20,000
$2,770
$33,200

29. Figure 7.11 Earned Income Tax Credit in 1999, By Number of Children and Earnings

30. Welfare Reform of 1996 Time Limits: 5-year lifetime limit
2-years at a time
If states meet certain goals, they can waive this rule for up to 20% of their caseloads.
Work and Training:
Half a states TANF recipients must be in work programs
subsidized child care 
Teen Mothers:
no longer eligible to receive their own payments
must live with responsible adult. 
Refusal to work:
If recipients have children over five and the parents refuse to work, families can be denied aid and children may be placed in foster care.

31. Impact of Welfare Reform
Welfare caseloads have declined.
Labor force participation among less-skilled single mothers has increased more than expected.
State governments have greatly increased their spending for work support programs, including:
child care subsidies,
transportation subsidies,
help with job search expenses,
subsidized wages.

32. Percent Share of Income by Quintile
Year
LowestFifth
Second Fifth
Third Fifth
Fourth Fifth
Highest Fifth
1947
5.0
11.9
17.0
23.1
43.0
1967
4.0
11.1
17.6
24.6
42.7
1976
4.3
10.4
24.7
43.6
1987
3.8
9.6
16.1
23.3
46.7
1997
3.6
8.9
15.0
22.2
49.4
2001
3.5
8.7
14.6
23.0
50.1