1. Lesson 6-X: Student Drug Testing

2. WALLWALL Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America

3. Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America WALLWALL

4. Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America ½ Way WALLWALL

5. Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America ½ Way WALLWALL

6. Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America ½ Way WALLWALL

7. Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America ½ Way WALLWALL

8. Unaddressed Risk ½ Way to the Wall Total Risk Drug-Free America ½ Way WALLWALL

10. Zero-Tolerance Policies Metal Detectors Closed Circuit Cameras Sniff Dogs Drug Testing Should high school students be drug tested?

12. Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Should high school students be drug tested?

13. I also authorize the Vernonia School District to have a representative run a urine test for drugs / alcohol and to release the information regarding the results to the Vernonia School District as deemed necessary. Section of letter sent to James Acton and his parents seeking authorization to drug test Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Should high school students be drug tested?

14. Dear Mr. and Mrs. Acton: District Policy JFCI requires the parent and / or guardian and the student athlete to sign a written consent for drug testing prior to participating in the athletic program. Since you are not willing to sign the required consent, your son James will not be permitted to participate in the District’s athletic program. However, should you change your mind and permit James to be tested, he will be allowed to participate. Section of letter sent to Mr. & Mrs. Acton warning that James would not be allowed to play sports if he did not undergo a test. Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Should high school students be drug tested?

15. Privacy Legitimate government interest Fourth Amendment Should high school students be drug tested?

16. 2. Testing program was designed to be unobtrusive 1. Students have low expectations of privacy 3. Served school district’s interest in combating drug abuse Suspicionless Searches & Seizures to Conduct Drug Testing Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Should high school students be drug tested?

17. Blanket searches, because they involve thousands or millions of searches, pose a greater threat to liberty than do suspicion based ones, which affect one person at a time. …I dissent.” Justice Sandra Day O’Connor Vernonia School District v. Wayne Acton Should high school students be drug tested?

19.  Earls v. Tecumseh School District Lindsay Earls, now a Dartmouth College freshman, filed suit after her high school forced her to take a drug test before it would let her join the choir. Should high school students be drug tested?

20. Privacy Legitimate government interest Fourth Amendment Should high school students be drug tested?

21. “(W)e find that testing students who participate in extracurricular activities is a reasonably effective means of addressing the School District’s legitimate concerns in preventing, deterring, and detecting drug use.” Justice Clarence Thomas, June 27, 2002 Should high school students be drug tested?

24. California State PTA 1.In-school suspension 2.After-school interventions 3.Positive behavior mentoring 4.Student assistance & other programs that offer counseling & education National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health “School Connectedness” associated with lower health risk behaviors “… rather than throwing students out of school for making bad decisions, let’s offer help, keep them busy, locate constructive punishment for rule breaking within the school context, and try to increase their connections to teachers, administrators, and other students.” Should high school students be drug tested?

26. E E Time DZ Randomized Trail Random Assignment DZ Non-Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

29. T T Time D D D D Randomized Trail Random Assignment D Non-Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

30. E E Time DZ Cohort Study DZ Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

31. T T Time D D D D Cohort Study D Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

32. Time Case-Control Study DZE E E E Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

33. Time Case-Control Study DT T D T T Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

34. Time Cross-Sectional Study DZ E E Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

35. Time Cross-Sectional Study D D T T Observational Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

38. 1.What percentage of schools employs a drug testing policy? 2.Which students are tested for drugs in these schools? 3.On what bases are students tested for drugs in schools? 4.How do characteristics of school and its student body relate to drug testing? 5.What relationship exists between student drug use and school drug testing? Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

39. Monitoring the Future Study Youth, Education, and Society Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

41. Monitoring the Future Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Self-Administered Questionnaires 30,000 8 th grade students in 260 schools 23,000 10 th grade students in 227 high schools 23,000 12 th grade students in 235 schools

42. Monitoring the Future Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Male Athletes (3,000 male athletes in 303 high schools) 2 Subsets

43. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

44. Monitoring the Future Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Male Athletes (3,000 male athletes in 303 high schools) 2 Subsets Experienced Marijuana Users (8,000 students in 331 high schools)

45. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

46. Monitoring the Future Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? Student Characteristics Shown to Have a Strong Relationship to Drug Use Parental Educational Attainment (SES) Religiosity Truant Behavior Grade Point Average Evenings Out Per Week

47. Youth, Education, and Society Study Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students? School-Level Information Mailed Survey School Administrator 82.6 % response rate In the school year, did your school test any students for illicit drug use?

48. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

52. D D T T

54. How do you interpret the difference between the % of schools and the % of students? Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

55. What do you think happened to the % of schools that did “drug testing of any kind” between 1998 and 2001? Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

56. What do you think happened to the % of schools that did “drug testing of any kind” between 1998 and 2001? Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

57. What group of students do you think was most frequently drug tested? Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

59. What do you think was the most frequent bases for drug testing? Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

76. 1 = 0 occasions 2 = 1-2 occasions 3 = 3-5 occasions 4 = 6-9 occasions 5 = 10-19 occasions 6 = 20-39 occasions 7 = 40 or more occasions 1 – 7 Scale Prevalence The number of events in a given population at a designated time Standard Deviation (SD) A measure of dispersion or variation. A summary of how widely dispersed the values are around the mean.

77. Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

97. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Fourth Amendment Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

98. The presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of a test, examinations or other procedures that can be applied rapidly. Screening Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

99. Reality +- + - Test Results a c b d 0% 100% Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

100. Reality +- + - Test Results a c b d 0% 100% < < False Positives False Negatives Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

101. Reality +- + - Test Results a c b d Sensitivity Ability to identify a condition when it is there a / a + c Specificity Ability to not identify a condition when it is not there d / b + d Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

102. Reality +- + - Test Results a c b d Positive Predictive Value With a positive test, the probability that the patient has the condition d / c + d Negative Predictive Value With a negative test, the probability that the patient does not have the condition a / a + b Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

103. Reality +- + - Test Results a c b d Prevalence = 5% Population = 10,000 Sensitivity = 70% Specificity = 80% 10,0009,500500 1507,600 1,900350 Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

104. Reality +- + - Test Results a c b d Prevalence = 5% Population = 10,000 Sensitivity = 70% Specificity = 80% 10,0009,500500 1507,600 1,900350 PPV ? NPV ? 16% 98% Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

106. 2,000 ng/ml10 ng/ml 50 ng/ml Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?

107. Type Test # Tests% Total # Verified + % Verified + Random 14,706 52.2 % 88 0.6 % Applicant 12,611 44.7 % 33 0.3 % Follow-up 572 2.0 % 37 6.5 % Volunteer 189 0.7 % 2 1.1 % Reason' Suspicion 66 0.2 % 16 24.2 % Post-Accident 55 0.2 % 3 5.5 % Total 28,199 100.0 % 179 0.6 % Number Tested / Verified Positives Federal Drug - Free Workplace Program Is drug-testing an effective way to reduce the prevalence of drug use among high school students?