1. Table of Contents Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere Heat Transfer Winds
Water in the Atmosphere
Precipitation

2. How Earth’s Atmosphere Gets Energy
- Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Sequencing
As you read, make a flowchart that shows how the sun’s energy reaches Earth’s surface.
How Earth’s Atmosphere Gets Energy
Sun gives off energy.
Energy travels to Earth as electromagnetic radiation.
Some of the sun’s energy is reflected back into space or absorbed by gases or particles in the air.
The remaining energy is absorbed or reflected by the surface.
Much of the energy absorbed by the surface is radiated back into the atmosphere.

3. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy From the Sun Pg
Nearly half of the energy in Earth’s atmosphere comes from the sun.
False- all of the energy
Energy from the sun travels to Earth as ____.
electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves are classified according to wavelength, or the distance between waves.
True

4. Energy From the Sun - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Most of the energy from the sun travels to Earth in the form of visible light and infrared radiation. A small amount arrives as ultraviolet radiation.

5. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves is called _____.
radiation
Visible light
A. It is a mixture of all the colors of the rainbow.
Infrared radiation
C. It has wavelengths that are longer than those of red light.

6. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Ultraviolet radiation
B. It has wavelengths that are shorter than those of violet light.
What causes the different colors of visible light?
The different colors of visible light are the result of different wavelengths.
9. Red light has a shorter wavelength than blue light.
False- longer wavelength

7. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Sentences that are true about infrared radiation
It is invisible.
It can be felt as heat.
It has longer wavelengths than red light.
Sentences true about ultraviolet radiation.
It can cause skin cancer and eye damage.
It can cause sunburns.

8. Energy in the Atmosphere
- Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere
Some sunlight is absorbed or reflected by the atmosphere. The rest passes through to the surface.

9. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy in the Atmosphere Pg. 562
What happens to energy from the sun that is neither reflected nor absorbed by the atmosphere?
It can pass through the atmosphere to the surface.
What absorbs energy from the sun in the atmosphere?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, clouds, dust, and other gases absorb energy from the sun in the atmosphere.

10. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
What reflects energy from the sun in the atmosphere?
Clouds, dust particles, and gases reflect energy from the sun.
Reflection of light in all directions is called___.
scattering
16. Sentences that are true about scattering.
Scattered light is bluer than ordinary sunlight.
Scattering explains why the daytime sky looks blue.

11. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Energy at Earth’s Surface Pg. 563
Energy that is absorbed by the land and water is changed into ___.
heat
When Earth’s surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as ultraviolet radiation.
False- infrared radiation

12. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
What absorbs most of the energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface?
Water vapor, carbon dioxide, clouds, dust, and other gases in the air absorb most of the energy that is radiated from Earth’s surface.

13. Greenhouse Effect - Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
When Earth’s surface is heated, it radiates most of the energy back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation. Much of this energy is held by the atmosphere, warming it.

14. Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
The process by which gases hold heat in the air is called the ____.
greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect is a natural process.
True

15. Links on Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere
Click the SciLinks button for links on energy in Earth’s atmosphere.

16. End of Section: Energy in Earth’s Atmosphere

17. Outlining - Heat Transfer
As you read, make an outline about how heat is transferred. Use the red headings for the main topics and the blue headings for the subtopics.
Heat Transfer
Thermal Energy and Temperature
Measuring Temperature
Temperature Scales
How Heat Is Transferred
Radiation
Conduction
Convection
Heating the Troposphere

18. Temperature and the Movement of Molecules
- Heat Transfer
Temperature and the Movement of Molecules
The iced tea is cold, so its molecules move slowly. The herbal tea is hot, so its molecules move faster than the molecules in the iced tea.

19. Heat Transfer
Thermal Energy and Temperature Pg.567
The faster the particles of a substance are moving, the more energy they have.
True
2. The total energy of motion in the particles of a substance is called ____.
thermal energy
3. The average amount of energy of motion of each particle of a substance is called ___
temperature

20. Heat Transfer
Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold a substance is.
True
Air temperature is usually measured with a ___.
thermometer

21. Heat Transfer
6. How does a thermometer work? When the temperature increases the liquid in the bulb expands and rises in the column. When the temperature decreases the liquid contracts and moves down the column. 7. Compare/Contrast table On the Celsius scale the freezing point of water is a. 0 degrees and the boiling point of water is b. 100 degrees. On the Fahrenheit scale the freezing point of water is c. 32 degrees and the boiling point of water is d. 212 degrees.

22. Heat Transfer
e. Is 50 degrees hotter on a Celsius or on a Fahrenheit scale? Explain your answer by comparing the numbers in the table.
50 degrees is hotter on a Celsius scale. 50 degrees is midway between 0 degrees and 100 degrees. On a Fahrenheit scale, 50 degrees is much closer to 32 degrees than 212 degrees.

23. Converting Units - Heat Transfer
Temperatures in weather reports are usually given in Fahrenheit scale, but scientists use the Celsius scale. Temperature readings can be converted from the Fahrenheit scale to the Celsius scale using the following equation:
If the temperature is 68ºF, what is the temperature in degrees Celsius?
ºC = 20ºC

24. Converting Units - Heat Transfer Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
35.0ºF
1.67ºC

25. Converting Units - Heat Transfer Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
60.0ºF
15.6ºC

26. Converting Units - Heat Transfer Practice Problem
Use the equation to convert the following temperature from Fahrenheit to Celsius.
72.0ºF
22.2ºC

27. Heat Transfer
How Heat Is Transferred Pg
The energy transferred from a hotter object to a cooler one is referred to as ___.
heat
Radiation is the direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves.
True
The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching is called___.
conduction

28. Heat Transfer Sentences that are true about conduction.
It works well in some solids.
It works well in metals.
The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid is called ____.
convection
13. Radiation
C- feeling the sun’s warmth on your face.

29. Heat Transfer B- burning your bare feet on hot sand. 15. Convection
14. Conduction
B- burning your bare feet on hot sand.
15. Convection
A- Warm water rising in a pot on a stove.

30. How Heat Is Transferred
- Heat Transfer
How Heat Is Transferred
16.
Heat is transferred in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection.

31. Heat Transfer The troposphere is heated mainly by _____. convection
18. The upward movement of warm air and the downward movement of cool air form _____.
convection currents

32. Click the SciLinks button for links on heat transfer.

33. Click the Video button to watch a movie about heat transfer.

34. End of Section: Heat Transfer

35. Relating Cause and Effect
- Winds
Relating Cause and Effect
As you read, identify how the unequal heating of the atmosphere causes the air to move. Write the information in a graphic organizer like the one below.
Effects
Warm air expands, becomes less dense, and rises.
Cause
Cold, more dense air sinks.
Unequal heating of the atmosphere
Dense cold air has a higher pressure than less dense warm air. Wind blows from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure.

36. Winds
What is Wind? Pg. 571
The horizontal movement of air from an area of high pressure to an area of lower pressure is referred to as ____.
wind
2. Winds are caused by differences in air pressure.
True
3. wind vane
B- measure wind direction.
4. anemometer
A- measure wind speed.

37. Winds A south wind blows toward the south. False- north
6. The increased cooling that a wind can cause is called the____.
wind-chill factor
7. Why does the wind blowing over your skin make you feel colder?
The wind makes you feel cooler because it is removing body heat.

38. Winds 8. Winds that blow over short distances are called ____.
Local Winds Pg. 572
8. Winds that blow over short distances are called ____.
local winds
What causes local winds?
Local winds are caused by unequal heating of Earth’s surface within a small area.
10. Sentences that are true about the unequal heating of land and water.
Land warms up faster than water.

39. Winds
11. Label the drawings: A. A sea breeze is wind blowing from the sea that is caused by cooler air moving from the sea to take the place of warmer air on the land. B. A land breeze is wind blowing from the land that is caused by cooler air moving from the land to take the place of warmer air on the sea.

40. Winds
Global Winds Pg. 573
12. Winds that blow steadily from specific directions over long distances are called ____.
global winds
13. Sentences that are true about global winds.
They are created by unequal heating of Earth’s surface.
They are produced by the movement of air between the equator and the poles.
They curve because of Earth’s rotation.

41. Angle of the Sun’s Rays - Winds
Energy from the sun strikes Earth most directly near the equator. Near the poles, the same amount of energy is spread out over a larger area.

42. Coriolis Effect - Winds
As Earth rotates, the Coriolis effect turns winds in the Northern Hemisphere toward the right.

43. Winds
As Earth rotates, the Coriolis Effect causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn toward the ____.
right

44. Global Wind Belts - Winds
A series of wind belts circles Earth. Between the wind belts are calm areas where air is rising or falling.

45. Winds The calm areas around the Earth include the _____ and the _____.
Global Wind Belts Pg
The calm areas around the Earth include the _____ and the _____.
doldrums and horse latitudes.
16. Compare/Contrast Table
Trade winds- blow from the northeast in the northern hemisphere and the southeast in the southern hemisphere.
Prevailing westerlies- blow from the southwest in the northern hemisphere and from the northwest in the southern hemisphere.

46. Winds 16. cont. Polar easterlies- blow away from the poles.
d. Suppose you were sailing across the Pacific Ocean from central America to Asia just above the equator. Which winds would help speed you on your way?
Trade winds
17. Sentences that are true about jet streams.
They are hundreds of kilometers wide.
They blow at speeds of 200 to 400 kilometers per hour.

47. Global Winds Activity - Winds
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about global winds.

48. - Winds
Jet Streams
The jet streams are high-speed bands of winds occurring at the top of the troposphere.

49. Click the Video button to watch a movie about convection currents.
- Winds
Convection Currents
Click the Video button to watch a movie about convection currents.

50. End of Section: Winds

51. Water Cycle Activity - Water in the Atmosphere
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the water cycle.

52. Asking Questions - Water in the Atmosphere
Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write answers to your questions.
Question
Answer
How does the water cycle work?
Water evaporates from the surface, condenses to form clouds, and falls to Earth as rain or snow.
What is relative humidity?
The percentage of water vapor in the air compared to the maximum amount air can hold at that temperature
How do clouds form?
Water in the air condenses on tiny particles in the air to form liquid water or crystals.
Can you determine weather conditions by looking at clouds?
Yes; each type of cloud is associated with a particular type of weather.

53. Water in the Atmosphere
Introduction Pg. 578
The process by which water molecules in liquid water escape into the air as water vapor is called _____.
evaporation
2. What is the water cycle?
The water cycle is the movement of water between the atmosphere and Earth’s surface.
3. A measure of the amount of water vapor in the air is ____.
humidity

54. Water in the Atmosphere
What is relative humidity?
It is the percentage of water vapor that is actually in the air compared to the amount of water vapor that air can hold at a particular temperature.
5. Sentences that are true about relative humidity.
It is a percentage.
It depends on air temperature.

55. Water in the Atmosphere
Relative humidity can be measured with a ____.
psychrometer
7. Sentences that are true about how a psychrometer works.
When relative humidity is high, there is not much difference between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb thermometer readings.

56. Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is affected by temperature. Use the data table to answer the following questions. First, find the dry-bulb temperature in the left column of the table. Then find the difference between the wet- and dry-bulb temperatures across the top of the table. The number in the table where these two readings intersect indicates the relative humidity in percent.

57. Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
At noon, the reading on a sling psychrometer are 18ºC for the dry-bulb thermometer and 14ºC for the wet-bulb thermometer. What is the relative humidity?
64%

58. Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
At 5 p.m., the psychrometer is used again. The reading on the dry-bulb thermometer is 12ºC and the reading on the wet-bulb thermometer is 11ºC. Determine the new relative humidity.
88%

59. Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
How did the temperature change between noon and 5 P.M.?
It decreased from 18 degrees to 12 degrees.

60. Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Interpreting Data:
How did the relative humidity change during the course of the day?
It increased.

61. Determining Relative Humidity
- Water in the Atmosphere
Determining Relative Humidity
Drawing Conclusions:
How was the relative humidity affected by air temperature? Explain your answer.
For the same amount of water in the air, as the temperature decreases, the relative humidity increases. Warm air can hold more moisture than cool air can.

62. How Clouds Form - Water in the Atmosphere
Clouds form when warm, moist air rises and cools. Water vapor condenses on tiny particles to form liquid water or ice crystals.

63. Water in the Atmosphere
How Clouds Form Pg. 581
Clouds form when water vapor in the air condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals.
True
9. Condensation
D- process by which molecules of water vapor become liquid water.
10. Dew point
C- temperature at which condensation begins.

64. Water in the Atmosphere
Dew
B- water that condenses from the air onto a cooler surface.
12. Frost
A- ice that has been deposited on a surface with a temperature that is below freezing.

65. Water in the Atmosphere
Sentences that are true about condensation of water vapor.
It can occur on cold surfaces.
It explains why clouds form.
It can form on dust particles.

66. Types of Clouds - Water in the Atmosphere
Scientists classify clouds into three main types based on their shape: cirrus, cumulus, and stratus. Clouds are further classified by their altitude.

67. Water in the Atmosphere
Types of Clouds Pg
Cumulus clouds
A- fair weather
15. Nimbostratus clouds
D- drizzle, rain, or snow
16. Cirrocumulus clouds
B- storm on the way
17. Cumulonimbus clouds
C- thunderstorms

68. Water in the Atmosphere
18. Sentences that are true about cloud types.
Cumulonimbus and nimbostratus clouds produce rain or snow.
Cirrus clouds are made up of ice crystals.

69. End of Section: Water in the Atmosphere

70. Precipitation What is precipitation?
Introduction Pg. 585
What is precipitation?
Precipitation is any form of water that falls from clouds and reaches Earth’s surface.
2. All clouds produce precipitation.
False

71. Precipitation Compare/Contrast Table Rain –
drops of water at least 0.5mm in diameter.
Sleet-
ice particles smaller than 5mm in diameter.
Hail-
ice pellets larger than 5mm in diameter.

72. Precipitation
3. d. How are rain, sleet, and hail similar and how are they different?
Rain, sleet, and hail are similar in that they are all composed of water. They are different in that they are different sizes; rain is water in liquid form, but sleet and hail are in solid form as ice.
Order the sizes of rain, sleet, and hail from smallest to largest.
rain, sleet , and hail
f. Which type of precipitation typically causes the most damage when it hits the ground?
Hail would cause the most damage

73. Water Droplets - Precipitation
Droplets come in many sizes. A raindrop has about one million times as much water in it as a cloud droplet.

74. How Hail Forms - Precipitation
Hailstones start as small pellets of ice in cumulonimbus clouds. They grow larger as they are repeatedly tossed up and down until they become so heavy they fall to the ground.

75. Precipitation The most common kind of precipitation is snow.
False - rain
5. How do mist and drizzle differ from rain?
Mist and drizzle are made up of smaller drops of water than is rain.
6. How can freezing rain cause power failures?
Freezing rain freezes and builds up as ice on tree branches, which can then break onto power lines, causing power failure.

76. Precipitation
Sleet
D- raindrops that freeze into tiny particles of ice as they fall through the air
8. Freezing rain
C- raindrops that freeze after they hit the ground or other cold surfaces
9. Hail
B- ice pellets that add layers of ice as they are carried up and down in a cumulonimbus cloud

77. Precipitation
10. Snow
A- Water vapor in a cloud is converted directly into ice crystals.
What damage can large hailstones do?
They can cause tremendous damage to crops, building, and vehicles.
12. Long periods of unusually low precipitation are called ____.
droughts

78. Precipitation 13. Sentences that are true about cloud seeding.
It has been used since the 1940’s to try to produce rain during droughts.
It adds tiny particles to clouds so water vapor can condense.
It has not been very successful to date in producing precipitation.

79. Precipitation Meteorologists often collect rainfall with a(n)____.
Measuring Precipitation Pg
Meteorologists often collect rainfall with a(n)____.
rain gauge
15. On average, 10 centimeters of snow contains about the same amount of water as 5 centimeters of rain.
False- it has 1 centimeter of rain

80. Measuring Precipitation
Scientists measure precipitation with various instruments, including rain gauges.

81. Precipitation Heat Scattering Convection Stratus Across 3. Sea
Key Terms
Down
Heat
Scattering
Convection
Stratus
Across
3. Sea
Temperature
Droughts
Anemometer
Humidity
Cirrus

82. Using Prior Knowledge - Precipitation
Before you read, look at the section headings and visuals to see what this section is about. Then write what you know about precipitation in a graphic organizer like the one below. As you read, write what you learn.
What You Know
Precipitation can be rain or snow.
Precipitation comes from clouds.
What You Learned
Sleet, freezing rain, and hail are forms of precipitation.
Droplets or ice crystals in clouds must grow heavy enough to fall through the air before precipitation occurs.

83. Links on Precipitation
Click the SciLinks button for links on precipitation.

84. End of Section: Precipitation

85. Prevailing westerlies
Graphic Organizer
include
two types
three types
Earth’s winds
Local winds
Trade winds
Global winds
Prevailing westerlies
Polar easterlies
Sea breeze
Land breeze

86. End of Section: Graphic Organizer