1. Types of waste
Waste = any unwanted item or substance resulting from a human activity or process
Municipal solid waste = from homes, institutions, small businesses
Industrial solid waste = from production of consumer goods, mining, petroleum extraction, agriculture
Hazardous waste = toxic, chemically reactive, flammable, or corrosive
Wastewater = water used in homes, businesses, etc., and drained or flushed, plus runoff from streets

2. Why manage waste?
Waste degrades water, soil, and air quality; does environmental and ecological harm.
Waste does harm to human health.
Waste is a symptom of inefficiency; wastes money.
Waste is unpleasant aesthetically.

3. Ways to manage waste Three components of waste management:
Source reduction, or reducing the amount of waste entering the waste stream, is best.
Recovery (recycling and composting) is next best.
Disposal is the least desired option.

4. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
MSW includes all the community waste with the exception of industrial process waste and agriculture wastes
It is important to define the various types of solid wastes that are generated and the sources to design and operate of the functional elements associated with the management of solid waste

5. Sources and Types of Solid Wastes
Typical facilities, activities, locations where wastes are generated
Source
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes
Single and multifamily dwellings
Residential
Industrial process waste, scrap materials, etc. Non - industrial waste including food wastes, construction and demolition wastes, rubbish, ashes , hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes
Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants
Industrial

6. (Cont’d) Types of solid wastes
Typical facilities, activities, locations where wastes are generated
Source
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes
Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.
Commercial
Same as commercial
Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers
Institutional
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings, broken pavement
Construction and Demolition

7. Typical facilities, activities, locations where wastes are generated
(Cont’d)
Types of solid wastes
Typical facilities, activities, locations where wastes are generated
Source
Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge
Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants
Municipal
Services (excluding treatment facilities)
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous waste.
Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms, etc.
Agricultural

8. Municipal solid waste
Paper is the biggest component of municipal solid waste in the United States.

9. Nature of Municipal Solid Waste
Organic (Combustible)
Inorganic (non-combustible)
Putrescible
Recyclable
Hazardous
Infectious

10. Composition of Solid Wastes
Composition is the term used to describe the individual components that make up a solid waste stream and their relative distribution
Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating equipment needs, systems and management programme and plans

11. Composition of Solid Wastes
The residential and commercial portion makes up about 50 to 75 percent of total MSW generated in a community
The actual percentage distribution will depend on
The extent of construction and demolition activities
The extent of the municipal services provided
The types of water and wastewater treatment process that are used

12. Typical Physical Composition of Residential MSW

13. Composition of Solid Waste
The percentage distribution values for the components in MSW vary with
Location
Season
economic conditions
population
Social behavior
Climate
Market for waste materials
Other factor

14. Types of Materials Recovered from MSW
Aluminum
Paper
Plastics
Glass
Ferrous Metals (Iron and Steel)
Nonferrous waste
Yard waste collected separately
Construction and demolition wastes

15. Industrial solid waste
Each year U.S. industries generate 7.6 billion tons of total waste.
97% of this is wastewater
Industrial solid waste = roughly equivalent to amount of municipal solid waste
Regulatory schemes are different:
Federal government regulates municipal
State or local government regulates industrial

16. Industrial solid waste
Waste is generated at several points in the life cycle of products.
At each stage there are opportunities for efficiency improvements, source reduction, and recycling.

17. Industrial ecology
Involves modifying techniques of processing and manufacturing, and finding new uses for materials previously considered waste
Seeks to redesign industrial systems to maximize:
Physical efficiency
AND
Economic efficiency
Tries to make sure all by-products produced are used, either in the same process or a different process

18. Hazardous waste Waste that poses a potential danger to human health
Four criteria:
• Ignitability: substances catch fire
• Corrosivity: substances corrode metals
• Reactivity: substances are chemically unstable and react with other chemicals in dangerous ways
• Toxicity: substances are known to be harmful to human health

19. Hazardous waste There are many types of hazardous waste.
Two are worst because they persist for a long time without breaking down:
Heavy metals
(mercury, lead, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, tin, copper — from industry, mining, consumer products)
Organic compounds
(synthetic pesticides, petroleum products, rubber, solvents, preservatives…)

20. Household hazardous waste
We all have many hazardous substances in our homes and everyday lives.
Many communities organize pickups or collection centers for this waste.

21. Radioactive waste Wastes that contain radioactive material
A special type of hazardous waste
Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research, medicine and military
Radioactive waste typically comprises a number of radioisotopes: unstable configurations of elements that decay, emitting ionizing radiation which can be harmful to humans and the environment.