1. The Nature of Sensation Question to consider: How is light or sound converted into a message to the brain? The Basic Process Sensory Thresholds Subliminal Perception Extrasensory Perception

2. The Nature of Sensation Sensations –Raw senses, the actual experience –What are your 5 senses? Perceptions –Giving meaning to raw data

3. The Basic Process Receptor cell –Specialized cell that responds to energy Now for the sensory process…

4. The Basic Process Energy (light waves, sound vibrations, airborne chemicals, etc.) stimulate a receptor cell If the energy is strong enough, the message goes to your brain Each sensory organ “invades” the brain on a different channel

5. The Basic Process Hard part… Signals carried by optic nerve NOT “visual” - we cannot see them Signals carried by the auditory nerve are NOT “audible” - we cannot readily hear them These signals produce an experience we interpret, or perceive, as visual or audible in the brain

6. The Basic Process Johannes Müller discovered this one- to-one relationship –Stimulating a specific nerve produces a specific perceptual experience –He called this the doctrine of specific nerve energies

7. Stop, Drop, Test it Out! Close your eyes. No, I’m not joking! Now gently press on your eyelids What did see?! Perhaps a flash of light?! This tells us that the optic nerve carries signals to the brain caused by more than just light waves – The brain interprets pressure as visual

8. The Basic Process Quick test: How would your brain interpret a stream of water trickling into your ear? – AS SOUND!!! –The auditory nerve would be stimulated and your brain would hear

9. Sensory Thresholds Absolute threshold –Minimum amount of energy required to produce a sensation –Point at with people can detect a stimuli 50% of the time

10. Sensory Thresholds The threshold for each sense is LOW! – Taste : 1 gram salt in 500 liters of water – Smell : 1 drop perfume in 3-room apt. – Touch : Wing of beam falling on cheek from height of 1 cm – Hearing : Tick of a watch 20 ft away (only when quiet) – Vision : Candle flame from 30 miles away on a clear night

11. Sensory Thresholds Sensory adaptation –When your sensory threshold changes –Your senses adjust to the amount of stimulation Example: When you walk in a dark room, can you immediately see? –No –But, as you remain in the room your eyes adjust

12. Sensory Thresholds Difference threshold –Also called the JND –Smallest change in energy that can be detected 50% of the time Example: You are holding 1 lb, 15 lbs are added, will you notice? However… You are holding 15 lbs, 1 lb of weight is added, will you notice?

13. Sensory Thresholds The difference threshold is proportional –A 2% change of weight is necessary to notice a change –This is called Weber’s law

14. Subliminal Perception Can we respond to stimuli that are below the absolute threshold? WHAT????

15. Subliminal Perception People CAN be influenced by information they are not consciously aware of –Seen in laboratory studies – Does NOT mean people are brainwashed by advertisements, music, or self-help tapes –Outside of labs, subliminal messages seem to be ineffective marketing tools

16. Subliminal Perception Links to try! –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U16J2 2QsFT8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U16J2 2QsFT8 –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVrOF t-0-e0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PVrOF t-0-e0&feature=related –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6h QfGzQig&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng6h QfGzQig&feature=related –http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPKx hfFQMshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2NPKx hfFQMs

17. Extrasensory Perception You probably know this as ESP –A response to an unknown event not presented to any known sense Parasychology –Field of psychology that analyzes ESP and psychic phenomenon Not yet proven to exist

18. Extrasensory Perception Clairvoyance –Aware of an unknown object or event –Example: You just know the missing card must be under the area rug Telepathy –Knowledge of another person’s thought or feelings Precognition –Foreknowledge of future events –Example: You are positive that NH football team will win the homecoming game 14 to 6