1. Do Now: Where does our water go when we flush the toilet? Wash our hands in the sink? Water our lawns, wash our cars?

2. Aim: How Can We Best Deal with Water Pollution? Concept 20-5 Reducing water pollution requires we prevent it, work with nature to treat sewage, cut resource use and waste, reduce poverty, and slow population growth.

3. Reducing Surface Water Pollution from Nonpoint Sources Agriculture – Reduce erosion – Reduce the amount of fertilizers – Plant buffer zones of vegetation – Use organic farming techniques – Use pesticides prudently – Control runoff – Tougher pollution regulations for livestock operations – Deal better with animal waste

4. Laws Can Help Reduce Water Pollution from Point Sources 1972: Clean Water Act : sets limits for 100 water pollutants and requires polluters to get permits that limit how much they can discharge. 1987: Water Quality Act: strengthened the federal water quality regulations by providing changes in permitting and adds substantial penalties for permit violations.

5. Laws Can Help Reduce Water Pollution from Point Sources EPA: experimenting with a discharge trading policy that uses market forces – Cap and trade system – Could this allow pollutants to build up? Lower the cap!

6. Do you understand how laws do both good and bad?

7. Case Study: The U.S. Experience with Reducing Point-Source Pollution Numerous improvements in water quality Some lakes and streams are not safe for swimming or fishing -40% Treated wastewater still produces algal blooms High levels of Hg, pesticides, and other toxic materials in fish

8. Case Study: The U.S. Experience with Reducing Point-Source Pollution Leakage of gasoline storage tanks into groundwater Many violations of federal laws and regulations (unclear which water ways are covered under CWA) Need to strengthen the Clean Water Act: fines are cheap!

9. Solutions: Septic Tank System

10. Waste water treatment from flush to finish movie What happens during the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment of waste water?

11. Solutions: Primary and Secondary Sewage Treatment

12. We Can Improve Conventional Sewage Treatment Peter Montague: environmental scientist – Remove toxic wastes before water goes to the municipal sewage treatment plants – Reduce or eliminate use and waste of toxic chemicals – Use composting toilet systems Wetland-based sewage treatment systems

13. Science Focus: Treating Sewage by Working with Nature John Todd: biologist Natural water purification system – Sewer water flows into a passive greenhouse – Solar energy and natural processes remove and recycle nutrients – Diversity of organisms used

14. Solutions: Ecological Wastewater Purification by a Living Machine, RI, U.S.

15. There Are Sustainable Ways to Reduce and Prevent Water Pollution Developed countries – Bottom-up political pressure to pass laws Developing countries – Little has been done to reduce water pollution – China : ambitious plan

17. Three Big Ideas 1.There are a number of ways to purify drinking water, but the most effective and cheapest strategy is pollution control. 2.The key to protecting the oceans is to reduce the flow of pollution from land and air, and from streams emptying into ocean waters. 3. Reducing water pollution requires that we prevent it, work with nature in treating sewage, cut resource use and waste, reduce poverty, and slow population growth.

18. Summary: What role does population growth play in the problems of groundwater and coastal water pollution?