1. Renewable Energy Chapters16 Living in the Environment, 11 th Edition, Miller Advanced Placement Environmental Science La Canada High School Dr. E

2. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

3.  Increasing energy efficiency of common devices has economic and environmental advantages  Reducing oil imports  Prolonging fossil fuel supplies  Reducing pollution and environmental degradation  Saving money  Buys time to develop new technology  Creating jobs Energy Efficiency

4. Efficiency of Some Common Devices Device Efficiency (%) ß ßDry-cell flashlight battery90 ß ßHome gas furnace85 ß ßStorage battery70 ß ßHome oil furnace65 ß ßSmall electric motor62 ß ßSteam power plant38 ß ßDiesel engine38 ß ßHigh-intensity lamp32 ß ßAutomobile engine 25 ß ßFluorescent lamp22 ß ßIncandescent lamp 4

5. Energy Efficiency percentage of energy input that does useful work in an energy conversion system www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

6.  Between 1985 and 2001, the average fuel efficiency for new motor vehicles sold in the United States leveled off or declined  Fuel-efficient models account for only a tiny fraction of car sales  Hybrid-electric cars are now available and sales are expected to increase  Fuel-cell cars that burn hydrogen fuel will be available within a few years  Electric scooters and electric bicycles are short-range transportation alternatives

7. Energy use of various types of transportation www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

8.  Superinsulated house is more expensive than a conventional house, but energy savings pay back the extra cost  Strawbale houses have the additional advantage of using an annually renewable agricultural residue, thus slowing deforestation

9.  Existing homes can be made more energy efficient  adding insulation  plugging leaks  installing energy-saving windows  wrapping water heaters  installing tankless models  buying energy-efficient appliances and lights

10.  Water heater  Electricity is produced at power plant via gas or coal and transferred via wire to your home  Some energy is lost over the wire, … Natural Gas or Electricity

11.  Tank  Water is heated 365/24/7  Because heat is lost through the flue and the walls of the storage tank (this is called standby heat loss), energy is consumed even when no hot water is being used. Water Heater

12.  Tankless  The energy consumption of these units is generally lower since standby losses from the storage tank are eliminated.  Demand water heaters with enough capacity to meet household needs are gas- or propane-fired.  http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topwater.htm Water Heater

13. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability

14.  Buildings can be heated  passive solar heating system  active solar heating system  Solar thermal systems are new technologies that collect and transform solar energy into heat that can be used directly or converted to electricity  Photovoltaic cells convert solar energy directly into electricity Solar Energy

15. Suitability of Solar Usage best when more than 60% of daylight hours sunny www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

16. Solar Heating Passive system: Absorbs & stores heat from the sun directly within a structure Active system: Collectors absorb solar energy, a pump supplies part of abuildings heating or water heating needs. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

17. Passive solar  Large south-facing windows, heavy drapes to trap heat at night, interior bricks to trap heat  Shade windows in summer  Even though back up systems are required, and solar heating may only lessen the need for heating oil a few %, it will help us adapt to diminishing oil supplies. Active solar  Photovoltaic (PV) panels can be used to convert the energy from the sun into electricity.  Electrons from the silicon in the PV panel are “pushed” through a wire by photons from the sun creating an electric current.

18. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

19.  No greenhouse gas emissions  Unlimited resource in certain areas  Land disturbance is minimal (in passive solar heating)  Solar cells are reliable and quiet with no moving parts

20.  Only reliable in certain areas  Expensive to install (active solar power)  Solar thermal plants require a lot of space (habitat destruction)  Manufacture of solar cells produces water pollution  Electricity must be stored in batteries (expensive)

21. Solar Domestic Hot Water (SDHW)  An open circuit hot water system heats the domestic water directly on the roof of the building  The water flows from the heat collector into the hot water tank to be used in the house  Integration of solar energy conservation in homes can reduce energy consumption by 75-90%.  www.iea-shc.org www.iea-shc.org www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

22. Photovoltaic (Solar) Cells Provides electricity for buildings www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

23. Inside the PV cell  PV cells are made from silicon alloys  PV module  1cm by 10cm cells  36 cells connected www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

25. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

26. Solar Thermal Techniques Solar Two www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

27. Heliostats  Heliostats provide concentrated sunlight to the power tower  The reflecting mirrors follow the sun along its daily trajectory www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

28. Power Tower  Sunlight from mirrors are reflected to fixed receiver in power tower  Fluid transfers the absorbed solar heat into the power block  Used to heat a steam generator Solar One www.earlham.edu/~parkero/Seminar/ SOLAR%20AMERICA%5B1%5D.ppt

29. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

30.  Splitting water can produce H 2 gas  If scientists and engineers can learn how to use forms of solar energy to decompose water cheaply, they will set in motion a solar-hydrogen revolution  Hydrogen-powered fuel cells could power vehicles and appliances Solar-Hydrogen Revolution

32. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar EnergyHydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability

33.  B.C. - Used by the Greeks to turn water wheels for grinding wheat into flour, more than 2,000 years ago  1775 - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers founded, with establishment of Chief Engineer for the Continental Army  1880 - Michigan's Grand Rapids Electric Light and Power Company, generating electricity by dynamo, belted to a water turbine at the Wolverine Chair Factory, lit up 16 brush-arc lamps. History of Hydroelectric www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

34. – By 1940 - 40% of electrical generation was hydropower – Between 1921 and 1940 - conventional capacity in the U.S. tripled; almost tripled again between 1940 and 1980 – Currently - about 10% of U.S. electricity comes from hydropower. History of Hydroelectric www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

36.  Reaction  fully immersed in fluid  shape of blades produces rotation www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ hydroelectric/hydro.ppt

38. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

39.  Moderate to high energy yield  Low operating and maintenance costs  Long life spans  No air pollution  Control flooding

40.  Destroys habitats  Decreases fish populations below the dam  Changes wildlife populations above the dam  Displaces people (Three Gorges dam in China)  Creates earthquakes  May cause flooding if the dam breaks  Inhibits fish migration (salmon)

41. Tidal Power Plant www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

42.  The motion of wind-driven waves at the ocean’s surface is converted into electricity.

43. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass Geothermal Sustainability

44. Rotary Windmill www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

45. Vertical Blades

46. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

47.  Production of electricity and hydrogen gas by wind farms is expected to increase  Western Europe currently leads in the development of wind power  Land used for wind farms also can be used for ranching or crops and most profits stay in local communities  North Dakota Energy from Wind

48.  Wind turbines: devices that turn wind energy into electricity  Towers are 40–100 m (131–328 ft) tall. http://www.wind.appstate.edu/map/node

49.  Wind farms: turbines erected in groups of up to hundreds of turbines  California and Texas produce the most wind power in the U.S.

50.  Low Torque – Rapid Speed  good for electrical generation  High Torque – Slow Speed  good for pumping water  Small generator  low wind speeds  captures small amount of energy  Large generator  high wind speeds  may not turn at low speedsOptimization www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

51.  Unlimited source of resource in certain areas  No greenhouse gases  No need of water for cooling

52.  Limited to areas with steady winds  Visual and noise pollution  Interference with migratory birds (many killed)

53. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

54. Source: American Wind Energy Association www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/wind_energy.ppt

55. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

56. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind PowerBiomass Geothermal Sustainability

57.  In the developing world, most people heat homes and cook by burning wood or charcoal  Plant materials and animal wastes also can be converted into biofuels,  Biogas  Liquid ethanol  Liquid methanol  Urban wastes can be burned in incinerators to produce electricity and heat www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

58. Types of Biomass Fuel www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

59. Conversion Processes Biomass Feedstock – – Trees – – Forest Residues – – Grasses – – Agricultural Crops – – Agricultural Residues – – Animal Wastes – – Municipal Solid Waste Fuels: Ethanol Renewable Diesel Methanol Hydrogen Electricity Heat Products – – Plastics – – Foams – – Solvents – – Coatings – – Chemical Intermediates – – Phenolics – – Adhesives – – Fatty acids – – Acetic Acid – – Carbon black – – Paints – – Dyes, Pigments, and Ink – – Detergents – – Etc. Biorefinery - - Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation - - Enzymatic Fermentation - Gas/liquid Fermentation - Thermochemical Processes - Gasification/Pyrolysis - Combustion - Co-firing www.sc.doe.gov/bes/besac/BESACGarman08-02-01.ppt

60. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

61.  Potentially renewable if properly managed  Plants can be converted to biofuels (gasohol, biodesiel) and burned in vehicle engines  No net increase in greenhouse gases as long as rate of removal of plants equals rate of burning  Moderate to high energy yield

62.  Presently most biomass sources are being used unsustainably  Wood smoke produces air pollution (particulates)

63. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power BiomassGeothermal Sustainability

64.  Geothermal energy can be used to heat buildings and to produce electricity  Geothermal reservoirs can be depleted if heat is removed faster than natural processes renew it, but the potential supply is vast Geothermal Energy

65.  Geothermal Heat Pumps  shallow ground energy  Direct-Use  hot water can be piped to facilities  Power Plants  steam and hot water drive turbines  dry steam plants  flash steam plants  binary cycle plants Technology www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

66.  Hydrothermal fluids are primarily steam  Steam goes directly to turbine  No fossil fuels Dry Steam Power Plants www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

67.  Fluids above 200 degrees Celsius  Fluid is sprayed into tank at lower pressure  Fluid rapidly vaporizes  Steam drives turbine Flash Steam Power Plant www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

68.  Cooler water (below 200 degrees Celsius)  Hot thermal fluid and a second fluid pass through heat exchanger Binary Cycle Power Plant www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

69.  Last week the Massachusetts Institute of Technology released a study concluding that heat mining could generate enough energy by 2050 to replace the coal-fired and nuclear power plants that are likely to be retired over the next several decades.  Boston Globe Gareth Cook, Globe Staff | January 29, 2007 @ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/ http://www.boston.com/news/globe/health_science/articles/2007/01/29/the_power_of_rocks/ Heat Mining

78.  At present the DHM project and drilling activities are financed by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), the canton of the city of Basel, the water and energy public utilities of Basel (IWB), a power company (Elektra Basel Land), and a private foundation (G.H. Endress) http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm http://www.geothermie.de/iganews/no45/the_swiss_deep_heat.htm

79.  Clean Energy  one sixth of carbon dioxide vs. natural gas  very little if any nitrous oxide or sulfur compounds  Availability  24 hours a day, 365 days a year  Homegrown  Renewable Benefits www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

80.  Only emission is steam  Salts and dissolved minerals reinjected  Some sludge produced  Mineral extraction  Little Visual Impact  Small acreage, no fuel storage facilities Environmental Effects www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

81.  Hot geothermal fluid  Low mineral and gas content  Shallow aquifers  Producing and reinjecting the fluid  Private land  Simplifies permit process  Proximity to transmission lines Location www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

82. www.eren.doe.gov/power/consumer/ rebasics_geothermal.html

83.  Only tiny fraction is currently used  Dry hot rock heated by molten magma  Drill into rock and circulate water www.usd.edu/phys/courses/scst601/ geothermal/GeothermalEnergy.ppt

85.  Moderate energy yields  Reliable  Competitive Cost for producing electricity in certain areas close to geologic activity  Fewer greenhouse gases produced

86.  Habitat/Ecosystem Destruction  Odor and noise  Cost – not practical to transport it  Only available near areas of geologic activity

88. Energy Efficiency Solar Energy Hydropower Wind Power Biomass GeothermalSustainability

89. Suggestions to make the transition to a more sustainable energy future. www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt