1. Injuries to the Head and Spine

2. The Head Head –Skull = cranium, face, and teeth –Inside the cranium is the brain and primary neural tissues

3. Nervous System Main components –Brain –Cranial Nerves –Spinal Cord –Spinal Nerves –Peripheral Nerves

4. The Nervous System Function = communicate, coordinate, and regulate 2 main divisions –Central Nervous System (CNS) = brain & spinal cord –Peripheral Nervous System = everything outside the brain & spinal cord Function = gathers info and carries info to and from the CNS

5. The Nervous System 2 Types of Neurons (nerve cells) –Afferent Neurons = sensory Found in skin, muscles, joints, and sensory organs Indicates pressure, temperature, and pain –Efferent Neurons = motor Stimulate skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle –Mixed Neurons = combo of sensory and motor Located in the brain and spinal cord

6. Motor versus Sensory Motor NeuronSensory Neuron

9. The Brain Parts of the brain –Cerebrum largest part controls willful actions, interprets sensory messages governs thought and speech –Cerebellum Muscle coordination and maintains balance

10. The Brain Parts of the brain –Hypothalmus Regulates body temp and sleep cycles –Medulla Oblongata Controls involuntary actions such as respiration, heartbeat, blood pressure, swallowing, and couphing

11. The Brain

12. Cranial Nerves

14. Injuries to the Brain: Concussion Concussion – injury to the brain or spinal cord Mechanism of injury – blow to the head or a fall Symptoms – dizzinessnauseaconfusion headachedisorientationblurred vision

16. Grades of Concussions Grade 1: 1. Confusion 2. No loss of consciousness 3. Symptoms on examination resolve in less than 15 minutes Grade 2: 1. Confusion 2. No loss of consciousness 3. Symptoms on examination last more than 15 minutes Grade 3: 1. Any loss of consciousness –Brief (seconds) –Prolonged (minutes

17. Concussion: Return to Play Return Only After Being Asymptomatic with Normal Neurologic Assessment at Rest and with Exercise Grade 1 -- at least 15 minutes Grade 2 -- 1 week Grade 3 -- Brief Loss of Consciousness (seconds) or (minutes) -- at least 1 month Regardless of severity, must be cleared by a doctor

18. Anatomy of the Ear

19. Injuries to the Ear Cauliflower Ear (Hematoma Auris) –most common injury of the ear –caused by extreme friction or repeated trauma –symptoms: bleeding and fluid accumulation around the ear –immediate treatment: ice, compression, bandage, physician

21. Injuries to the Ear Swimmer’s Ear (Otitis Externa) –infection of ear canal –caused by trapped moisture –symptoms: dizziness, pain, itching, discharge –immediate treatment: send to physician –prevention: use ear drops of 3% boric acid and alcohol solution and keep ears dry

22. Injuries to the Ear Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) Rupture –caused by sudden change in pressure or objects inserted too far –symptoms: loud pop, pain, hearing loss, nausea and vomiting –treatment: send to physician immediately

24. Anatomy of the Eye

25. Injuries to the Eye Contusions (black eyes) –caused by blow to eye area –ice immediately –send to physician if bleeding, severe bruising, or double vision

27. Injuries to the Eyes Corneal Abrasions or Laceration –scratch on corneal surface of eye –caused by dirt, sand, insects, or contact with another athlete’s finger –symptoms: pain and watering of the eye –treatment: do not allow to rub eye, patch eye, send to physician

28. Corneal Abrasion

29. Injuries to the Eye Retinal Detachment –caused by blow to eye –separation of retina from underlying epithelial tissue –symptoms: painless, flashes of light, blurred vision, “curtain” or something covering field of vision –treatment: patch eye and send to physician

31. Injuries to the Eye Fractures – orbital roof & blow out –caused by direct blow to the eye –symptoms: swelling, bleeding & double vision –treatment: control bleeding, patch with sterile gauze, physician

32. Orbital Fracture

33. Injuries to the Eye Conjunctivitis (pink eye) –highly contagious –symptoms: burning, itching, swollen eyelids, and discharge –treatment: wear gloves and wash hands after examining the athlete, send to physician

34. Conjuctivitis

36. Injuries to the Eyes Sty –infection of the eyelid follicle or subcutaneous gland –symptoms: pain, redness, & swelling –treatment: apply moist heat and physician

37. Sty

38. Anatomy of the Nose

39. Injuries to the Nose Epistaxis (nosebleeds) –cause: direct blow –treatment: control bleeding with direct pressure athlete sit upright, lean forward, pinch nose can use noseplugs ice if swelling is present do not blow nose once bleeding has stopped

41. Injuries to the Nose Nasal Deviation and Fractures –cause: direct blow –symptoms: deformity, pain, swelling, bleeding –treatment: stop bleeding, send to physician

42. Nasal Fractures

44. Injuries to the Mouth and Jaw Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) Dislocation –cause: side blow to an open mouth –symptoms: locked jaw in open position overbite in a normal bite deformity –treatment: ice, physician, do not attempt to reduce

45. Normal Dislocated

46. Injuries to the Mouth and Jaw Jaw Fractures –cause: direct blow –symptoms: abnormal movement, loss of normal bite, pain, point tenderness –treatment: ice, immobilize, send to physician

48. Injuries to Mouth and Jaw Dislocation of teeth –cause: blow to mouth –symptoms: bleeding around gums loose, displaced or missing teeth –treatment: Knocked out: find tooth, wash it, put back in place and send to dentist If can’t put back in place, wrap it in moist, sterile gauze and send with athlete to dentist

49. Anatomy of the Spine Composed of 33 vertebrae –7 cervical –12 thoracic –5 lumbar –5 sacral (fused together to make 1) –5 coccyx (fused together to make 1) –vertebrae separated by cartilaginous discs

51. Cervical Vertebrae 1 & 2

52. 1. Dens 2. Transverse foramen 3. Spinous process or spine 4. Anterior arch of atlas 5. Posterior arch of atlas 6. Transverse process 7. Articular facet for base of skull

55. The Spine ROM of spine –forward (flexion) –backward (extension) –side to side (lateral flexion) –rotation (cervical & lumbar only) Injuries to spine and back mostly occur because of muscular weakness and imbalances

56. Functions of the Spinal Column Protection –Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots –Many internal organs Base for Attachment –Ligaments –Tendons –Muscles

57. Functions Continued Structural Support –Head, shoulders, chest –Connects upper and lower body –Balance and weight distribution Flexibility and Mobility –Flexion (forward bending) –Extension (backward bending) –Side bending (left and right) –Rotation (left and right)

58. Injuries to the Spinal Column Herniated disc –Deteriorated to the point that pushes against a nerve Commonly occurs between L-4 and L-5 or L-5 and S-1. Treatment – Ice and send to physician

60. Injuries to Spinal Column Cervical nerve stretch (burner or stinger) –Stretching of the brachial plexus nerve –Occurs when head is pushed to side and shoulder pushed down Symptoms: PainMuscle Weakness Numbness Treatment: Ice, neck and shoulder strengthening, problems persists send to physician

62. Injuries to Spinal Column Contusions –Caused by direct blow Treatment 1. Rule out rib fractures and injury to kidney 2. Ice 3. Protect area if possible

63. Injuries to Spinal Column Muscle Spasms –Uncontrolled, painful contraction of muscle or groups of muscle –Caused by traumatic injury, overuse, or improper lifting Symptoms: paindecreased ROM crampingmuscle tightness Treatment: Ice message, stretching, rest

64. Injuries to Spinal Column Back Sprain/Strains –Caused by sudden twisting motion and improper lifting Sprains – ligaments of facet joints Strains – muscles or muscle group No radiating pain should be present Treatment: Ice, rest, stretching, back strengthening exercises

65. Sprains Strains

66. Injuries to Spinal Column Spondylolysis – defect in vertebrae caused by repeated stress from hyperextension Spondylolisthesis – condition where the disk slips forward caused by muscle weakness from spondylolysis

69. Abnormal Curvatures of the Spine Kyphosis – exaggerated posterior curvature of the thoracic spine Lordosis – abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine Scoliosis – lateral curve of spine

71. Peripheral NerveActionAxillaryFlex and abduct shoulderMusculocutaneousFlex elbowRadialExtend elbow, wrist, and fingersMedianFlex wrist and fingersUlnarDexterity of fingers