1. Translation in the Fields of Commerce الترجمة في المجالات التجارية

2. Text 1 Business and Capital The meaning of Business Types of businesses Terminology related to business

3. شركة ذات ملكية فردية: شركة يملكها فرد واحد (Sole Proprietorship)

4. شركة تضأمنية في القانون وفي الاقتصاد (بالإنجليزية: partnership) هي شركة يقتنيها ويديرها شخصان أو أكثر، ويسهموا بممتلكاتهم وجهودهم في إدارتها.و يشترك الشركاء في أرباح الشركة ويتحملوا سويا الخسارة.القانونالاقتصاد

5. مسؤولية محدودة في الاقتصاد وفي القانون (بالإنجليزية: Limited liability) معنى المسؤولية المحدودة هو ان تكون المسؤولية القانونية لشخص محدودة بحجم معين من المال عن ديون الشركة. وعلى سبيل المثال : إذا طالب دائنون الشركة قضائيا ، فإنهم يقاضون الشركة وليس أصحاب الشركة أو المستثمرين. والشريك المحدود في الشركة الشركة التضامنية المحدودة لا يكون مسؤولا عن ديون الشركة إلا بقيمة استثماره في الشركة.الاقتصادالقانوندائنونوالشريك المحدودالشركة التضامنية المحدودة

6. شركة تعاونية Cooperative : مؤسسة يشتري أعضاء أسهماً فيها و لهم حق متساوٍ في إدارة الشركة بغض النظر عن عدد الأسهم التي يملكها كل فرد

7. The Text A business (also known as an enterprise or a firm) is an organization engaged in the trade of goods, services, or both. Businesses are predominant in capitalist economies, where most of them are privately owned and administered to earn profit to increase the wealth of their owners. Businesses may also be non-profit or state-owned. A business owned by multiple individuals may be referred to as a company.organizationtradegoodsservicescapitalisteconomiesprivately ownedprofit wealthstate-ownedcompany

8. Sole proprietorship: A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person for-profit. The owner may operate the business alone or may employ others. The owner of the business has unlimited liability for the debts incurred by the business.sole proprietorshipliability Partnership: A partnership is a business owned by two or more people. In most forms of partnerships, each partner has unlimited liability for the debts acquired by the business. The three typical classifications of for- profit partnerships are general partnerships, limited partnerships, and limited liability partnershipspartnershipgeneral partnershipslimited partnershipslimited liability partnerships

9. Corporation: A corporation is a limited liability business that has a separate legal personality from its members. Corporations can be either government-owned or privately owned, and corporations can be either for- profit or not-profit. A privately owned, for-profit corporation is owned by shareholders who elect a board of directors to direct the corporation and hire its managerial staff.corporationlimited liabilitylegal personalitygovernment-ownednot-profitshareholders board of directors Cooperative: A cooperative is a limited liability business that can organize for-profit or not-profit. A cooperative differs from a for-profit corporation in that it has members, as opposed to shareholders, who share decision-making authority.cooperative

10. When businesses need to raise money (called 'capital'), a highly complex set of laws and regulations govern the offer and sale of investment securities in most Western countries. These regulations can require disclosure of a lot of specific financial and other information about the business.capitalsecurities Capital may be raised through private means, by initial public offering (IPO) on a stock exchange, or in many other ways. Major stock exchanges include the Shanghai Stock Exchange, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq (USA), the London Stock Exchange (UK), the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Japan), and the Bombay Stock Exchange (India). Most countries with capital markets have at least one.stock exchangeNew York Stock ExchangeNasdaqLondon Stock ExchangeTokyo Stock ExchangeBombay Stock Exchange