1. MIS DATABASE SYSTEMS, DATA WAREHOUSES, AND DATA MARTS CHAPTER 3
Hossein BIDGOLI

2. Chapter 3 Database Systems, Data Warehouses, and Data Marts
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s
LO1 Define a database and a database management system.
LO2 Explain logical database design and the relational database model.
LO3 Define the components of a database management system.
LO4 Summarize recent trends in database design and use.
LO5 Explain the components and functions of a data warehouse.

3. l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
Chapter 3 Database Systems, Data Warehouses, and Data Marts
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
LO6 Describe the functions of a data mart.
LO7 Define business analytics, and describe its role in the decision-making process.

4. Databases Database File Record Data hierarchy
Collection of related data that can be stored in a central location or in multiple locations
Usually a group of files
File
Group of related records
All files are integrated
Record
Group of related fields
Data hierarchy

5. Exhibit 3.1
Data Hierarchy

6. Databases (cont’d.) Critical component of information systems
Any type of analysis that’s done is based on data available in the database
Database management system (DBMS)
Creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files
Advantages over a flat file system

7. Exhibit 3.2
Interaction between the user, DBMC, and Database

8. Types of Data in a Database
Internal data
Collected within organization
External data
Sources

9. Methods for Accessing Files
Sequential file structure
Records organized and processed in numerical or sequential order
Organized based on a “primary key”
Usually used for backup and archive files
Because they need updating only rarely
Random access file structure
Records can be accessed in any order
Fast and very effective when a small number of records needs to be processed daily or weekly

10. Methods for Accessing Files (cont’d.)
Indexed sequential access method (ISAM)
Records accessed sequentially or randomly
Depending on the number being accessed
Indexed access
Uses an index structure with two parts:
Indexed value
Pointer to the disk location of the record matching the indexed value

11. Logical Database Design
Physical view
How data is stored on and retrieved from storage media
Logical view
How information appears to users
How it can be organized and retrieved
Can be more than one logical view

12. Logical Database Design (cont’d.)
Data model
Determines how data is created, represented, organized, and maintained
Includes
Data structure
Operations
Integrity rules
Hierarchical model
Relationships between records form a treelike structure

13. Exhibit 3.3
A Hierarchical Model

14. Logical Database Design (cont’d.)
Network model
Similar to the hierarchical model
Records are organized differently

15. Exhibit 3.4
A Network Model

16. The Relational Model Relational model Data dictionary
Uses a two-dimensional table of rows and columns of data
Data dictionary
Field name
Field data type
Default value
Validation rule

17. The Relational Model (cont’d.)
Primary key
Unique identifier
Foreign key
Establishes relationships among tables
Normalization
Improves database efficiency
Eliminates redundant data
1NF through 3NF (or 5NF)

18. The Relational Model (cont’d.)
Data retrieval
Select
Project
Join
Intersection
Union
Difference

19. Components of a DBMS Database engine Data definition Data manipulation
Application generation
Data administration

20. Database Engine Heart of DBMS software
Responsible for data storage, manipulation, and retrieval
Converts logical requests from users into their physical equivalents

21. Data Definition Create and maintain the data dictionary
Define the structure of files in a database
Changes to a database’s structure
Adding fields
Deleting fields
Changing field size
Changing data type

22. Data Manipulation
Add, delete, modify, and retrieve records from a database
Query language
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages
SELECT statement
Query by example (QBE)
Construct statement of query forms
Graphical interface

23. Application Generation
Design elements of an application using a database
Data entry screens
Interactive menus
Interfaces with other programming languages

24. Data Administration Used for: Create, read, update, and delete (CRUD)
Backup and recovery
Security
Change management
Create, read, update, and delete (CRUD)
Database administrator (DBA)
Individual or department
Responsibilities

25. Recent Trends in Database Design and Use
Data-driven Web sites
Natural language processing
Distributed databases
Object-oriented databases

26. Data-Driven Web Sites Data-driven Web site
Interface to a database
Retrieves data and allows users to enter data
Improves access to information
Useful for:
E-commerce sites that need frequent updates
News sites that need regular updating of content
Forums and discussion groups
Subscription services, such as newsletters

27. Distributed Databases
Data is stored on multiple servers placed throughout an organization
Reasons for choosing
Approaches for setup
Fragmentation
Replication
Allocation
Security issues

28. Object-Oriented Databases
Object consists of attributes and methods
Encapsulation
Grouping objects along with their attributes and methods into a class
Inheritance
New objects can be created faster and more easily by entering new data in attributes
Interaction with an object-oriented database takes places via methods

29. Data Warehouses Data warehouse Multidimensional data Characteristics
Collection of data used to support decision-making applications and generate business intelligence
Multidimensional data
Characteristics
Subject oriented
Integrated
Time variant
Type of data
Purpose

30. Data Warehouse Applications at InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG)
IHG operates 4,000+ hotels in the world
Migrated from entry-level data mart to an enterprise data warehouse (EDW)
Chose Teradata Data Warehouse
Increased the company’s query response time from hours to minutes

31. Exhibit 3.6
A Data Warehouse Configuration

32. Input Variety of sources External Databases Transaction files
ERP systems
CRM systems

33. ETL Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) Extraction
Collecting data from a variety of sources
Converting data into a format that can be used in transformation processing
Transformation processing
Make sure data meets the data warehouse’s needs
Loading
Process of transferring data to the data warehouse

34. Storage
Raw data
Summary data
Metadata

35. Output Data warehouse supports different types of analysis
Generates reports for decision making
Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Generates business intelligence
Uses multiple sources of information and provides multidimensional analysis
Hypercube
Drill down and drill up

36. Exhibit 3.7
Slicing and Dicing Data

37. Output (cont’d.) Data-mining analysis Reports
Discover patterns and relationships
Reports
Cross-reference segments of an organization’s operations for comparison purposes
Find patterns and trends that can’t be found with databases
Analyze large amounts of historical data quickly
Assist management in making well-informed business decisions

38. Data Marts Data mart Advantages over data warehouses
Smaller version of data warehouse
Used by single department or function
Advantages over data warehouses
More limited scope than data warehouses

39. Business Analytics Business analytics (BA)
Uses data and statistical methods to gain insight into the data
Provide decision makers with information to act on
More forward looking than BI
Several types of BA methods
Descriptive and predictive analytics
Major providers of business analytics software
SAS, IBM, SAP, Microsoft, and Oracle

40. Summary Databases Data warehouses, data marts, and business analytics
Accessing files
Design principles
Components
Recent trends
Data warehouses, data marts, and business analytics

41. MIS
PERSONAL, LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND ORGANIZATIONAL ISSUES OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS
CHAPTER 4
Hossein BIDGOLI

42. Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s
LO1 Discuss information privacy and methods for improving the privacy of information.
LO2 Explain the effects on information privacy of , data collection, and censorship.
LO3 Discuss the ethical issues related to information technology .
LO4 Discuss the principles of intellectual property and issues related to the infringement of intellectual property.

43. l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
Chapter 4 Personal, Legal, Ethical, and Organizational Issues of Information Systems
l e a r n i n g o u t c o m e s (cont’d.)
LO5 Discuss information system issues that affect organizations, including the digital divide, electronic publishing, and on the connection between the workplace and employees’ health.
LO6 Describe green computing and the ways it can improve the quality of the environment.

44. Privacy Issues Concerns about privacy in the workplace
Employers search social networking sites
Employee monitoring systems
Misuse and abuse of information gathered by:
Healthcare organizations
Financial institutions
Legal firms
Defining privacy is difficult
Information technologies have increased ease of access to information

45. Social Networking Sites and Privacy Issues
Stacy Snyder
Former student at Millersville University of Pennsylvania
Posted a photo of herself on MySpace, wearing a pirate’s hat and drinking
Millersville administrators
Considered the image unprofessional
Refused to grant her an education degree and teaching certificate

46. Privacy Issues (cont’d.)
Number of databases increasing rapidly
Enforcement of federal laws has been lax
Index and link databases using Social Security numbers
Direct marketing companies major user of this information
U.S. government began linking large databases to find information

47. Privacy Issues (cont’d.)
Federal laws now regulate collecting and using information on people and corporations
1970 Fair Credit Reporting Act
Acceptable use policies
Set of rules specifying the legal and ethical use of a system and the consequences of noncompliance
Accountability
Issues involving both the user’s and the organization’s responsibilities and liabilities

48. Privacy Issues (cont’d.)
Nonrepudiation
Method for binding all the parties to a contract
Hardware or software controls
Determine what personal information is provided on the Web

49. E-mail Presents some serious privacy issues Spam Ease of access
Unsolicited sent for advertising purposes
Sent in bulk by using automated mailing software
Ease of access
People should assume that others have access to their messages
Any s sent on company-owned computers are the property of the organization

50. Data Collection on the Web
Number of people shopping online is increasing
Many customers reluctant to make online purchases
Concerns about hackers getting access to their credit card numbers
Many credit card companies reimburse fraudulent charges
Other electronic payment systems are being developed

51. Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)
Concerned about computers’ contents being searched while they’re connected to the Web
Information users provide on the Web
Combined with other information and technologies to produce new information
Cookies
Small text files with a unique ID tag
Embedded in a Web browser
Saved on the user’s hard drive
Many users disable cookies

52. Data Collection on the Web (cont’d.)
Log files
Generated by Web server software
Record a user’s actions on a Web site
Data collected on the Web must be used and interpreted with caution

53. Ethical Issues of Information Technologies
Ethics means doing the right thing
What is “right” can vary from one culture to another and even from one person to another
More difficult to determine than legal versus illegal

54. Ethical Issues of Information Technologies (cont’d.)
Information technology offers many opportunities for unethical behavior
Cybercrime, cyberfraud, identity theft, and intellectual property theft
Many experts believe management can reduce employees’ unethical behavior
Codes of ethics
Many associations promote ethically responsible use of information systems and technologies

55. Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics
Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people
Thou shalt not interfere with other people’s computer work
Thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s files
Thou shalt not use a computer to steal
Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness

56. Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics (cont’d.)
Thou shalt not use or copy software for which you have not paid
Thou shalt not use other people’s computer resources without authorization
Thou shalt not appropriate other people’s intellectual output
Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you write
Thou shalt use a computer in ways that show consideration and respect

57. Censorship Who decides what should be on the Web? Types of information
Public
Private
Whether or not something can be censored depends in part on who is doing the censoring
Restricted access to the Web
Burma, China, and Singapore
U.S. citizens don’t want the government controlling Web access

58. Censorship (cont’d.)
Parents are concerned about what their children are exposed to
Pornography, violence, and adult language
Search keywords
Guidelines to teach their children to use good judgment while on the Web
Programs such as CyberPatrol, CyberSitter, Net Nanny, and SafeSurf

59. Intellectual Property
Protections that involve copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and patents for “creations of the mind” developed by people or businesses
Industrial property
Inventions, trademarks, logos, and industrial designs
Copyrighted material
Literary and artistic works
May apply to online materials
Exceptions under Fair Use Doctrine

60. Intellectual Property (cont’d.)
Trademark
Protects product names and identifying marks
Patent
Protects new processes
Organizations can benefit from patents
Software piracy
Laws
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Communications Decency Act (CDA)
Laws against spamming

61. Intellectual Property (cont’d.)
Internet use policy
Avoid legal risks
Cybersquatting
Registering, selling, or using a domain name to profit from someone else’s trademark

62. Verizon’s Cybersquatting Suit
Verizon sued OnlineNic
OnlineNic registered domain names containing Verizon trademarks
myverizonwireless.com
iphoneverizonplans.com
verizon-cellular. com
Verizon won this suit

63. Social Divisions and the Digital Divide
Computers still aren’t affordable for many people
Companies installing cables for Internet connections might subject their communities to a type of economic “red-lining”
Children are often victims of this divide
Funding for computers at schools and libraries
Loaner programs

64. The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace
New jobs for:
Programmers
Systems analysts
Database and network administrators
Network engineers
Webmasters
Web page developers
e-commerce specialists
Chief information officers (CIOs)
Technicians

65. The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace (cont’d.)
Web designers
Java programmers
Web troubleshooters
Telecommuting and virtual work
Job deskilling
Skilled labor eliminated by introducing high technology
Job downgraded from a skilled to a semiskilled or unskilled position

66. Table 4.1
Potential benefits and potential drawbacks of telecommuting

67. The Impact of Information Technology in the Workplace (cont’d.)
Job upgrading
Clerical workers who now use computers
One skilled worker might be capable doing the job of several workers
Virtual organizations
Networks of independent companies, suppliers, customers, and manufacturers
Connected via information technologies
Share skills and costs
Have access to each other’s market

68. Information Technology and Health Issues
Reports of health-related issues caused by video display terminals (VDTs)
No conclusive study
Health problems associated with the environment in which computers are used

69. Information Technology and Health Issues (cont’d.)
Other reports of health problems
Vision
Musculoskeletal
Skin
Reproductive
Stress-related
Amount of time some people spend on the Web

70. Health and Social Issues of Online Gaming
Online games World of Warcraft and EverQuest blamed for a host of problems
Poor academic performance, divorce, suicide, and the death of a child because of parental neglect
Fantasy worlds in online games believed to be addictive and to affect marriages and careers

71. Green Computing
Computing that promotes a sustainable environment and consumes the least amount of energy
Helps an organization save on energy costs
Improves the quality of the environment in which we live and work

72. Green Computing (cont’d.)
Involves the design, manufacture, use, and disposal of computers, servers, and computing devices
Monitors, printers, storage devices, and networking and communications equipment
Minimal impact on the environment
Implemented without the cooperation of both the private and the public sector
Goals

73. Summary Privacy issues related to information technologies
Methods for protecting privacy: Personal information and organizations’ data resources
Ethical issues related to information systems
Censorship, intellectual property laws, digital divide
Effect of information systems on the workplace and possible heath issues
Green computing
Impact on the environment