1. Defense Against Infectious Disease How does my body fight disease? http://img.yasalud.com/uploads/2012/02/sistema-inmune.jpg

2. Pathogen An organism or virus that causes disease. This includes virus, bacteria, protozoa, fungi and worms of various types. Tripanosoma cruzi protozoans in blood – Chagas disease http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488- 90/64/6468/EWOH100Z/posters/david-phillips-trypanosoma-cruzi- protozoans-in-blood-the-pathogens-of-trypanosomiasis-or-chagas-disease- lm-x160.jpg

3. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/- CxlppkLnEOA/TcqWn0A1I5I/AAAAAAA AASM/8zfU8jAt870/s320/Imagen1.jpg http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/fu ngal-meningitis-pathogen-discovers-new-appetite- human-brains_1.jpg http://www.primeradx.com/assets/infectious- disease-PrimeraDx.jpg http://microbiology2009.wikispaces.com/fil e/view/plasmodium.gif/71399637/plasmodi um.gif http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn: ANd9GcQcjNzc8mkJpoHS391T6yqe poiz4IYsQYXjwfM4M2gyBP4lgwg0

4. Not every pathogen that enters our body results in disease This is because for most pathogens, our body has developed immunity. There are also chemicals called antibiotics that work against bacterial cells without affecting our body cells. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iItc7sF33UA/T4ZZfoBMFPI/AAAAAAAAA- c/AhWRMeowGWQ/s320/macrophage-2.jpg

5. How antibiotics work Saprotrophs, including bacteria and fungi, compete with each other for death organic matter on which they feed. To inhibit the growth of their competitors, some saprotrophs produce antibiotics. An antibiotic is a chemical that inhibits the growth of microorganisms. Antibiotics produced by fungi mostly inhibit bacteria. There are smaller number of antibiotics produced by bacteria that inhibit fungi.

6. How antibiotics work Antibiotics interfere with various metabolic processes Antibiotics are not effective against viruses. http://www.wiley.com/college/pratt/0471393878/instructor/activities/bacte rial_drug_resistance/antibiotic_targets_web.gif

7. Organism that produces the antibiotic Antibiotic producedMechanism of action Fungi: Penicillium sp.Penicillin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Cehalosporium sp.Cephalosporin Inhibits cell wall synthesis Streptomyces sp. Tetracycline Streptomycin Inhibits translation Saccharopolyspora erytraea ErytromycinInhibits translation Bacteria: Bacillus sp.Polymyxing Bacitracin Disrupts cell membranes Disrupts cell wall synthesis

8. Preventing pathogens from entering our bodies.- The ability to resist infection by a disease is termed immunity. There are two types of immunity: ▫Non specific immunity allows the body to resist infection by a wide range of pathogens. ▫Specific immunity allows the body to resist a specific pathogen

9. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-x6_92YIWEOA/UKEUN5vk-zI/AAAAAAAAByE/LlHatSUli6k/s1600/first+line+of+defense.jpg

10. Non-specific immunity

11. Second line of defense http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTzc7-fqo6nkudsPRDJC33ZpEPfYbnbyJHDgnE1xauVFQuFc6AY

13. Antibodies are produced in response to a specific pathogen.- If a microorganisms gets past the physical barriers and the phagocytes, a second level of immunity exists. Proteins and other molecules on the surface of pathogens are recognized as foreign by the body and they stimulate a specific immune response. Antigen A foreign substance that stimulates the production of antibodies AntibodiesProteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens

14. The body is capable of responding in a highly targeted way to pathogens. A protein called antibody binds to antigens. Our body can produce a large variety of antibodies, each one specific to a certain antigen.

15. The binding of an antibody to an antigen produces many benefits, including: ▫Makes the pathogen more recognizable to phagocytes ▫Prevents viruses from docking to host cells so that they cannot be taken up by host cells. ▫Cause agglutination (sticking together) of pathogens so they cannot enter cells and are easier for phagocytes to ingest.

16. Immune response depends on different types of lymphocytes, each with a specific function. The process includes: Macrophage Ingests the pathogen and displays antigens from it (proteins or other substances) T-cells Identify specific pathogens produced by macrophages and activate B cells B-cells Produce antibodies that specifically attach to the antigen, clone by mitosis to increase in number, eliminate the pathogen Memory cells Some B-cells remain in the bloodstream to give immunity for a second infection.

17. http://waynejoseph.files.wordpress.com/2010/03/immune20system.jpg

18. HIV and AIDS The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets helper T- cells. In the early stages of infection, the immune system makes antibodies against HIV. If these can be detected in a person’s body, they are said to be HIV-positive. http://aids.gov/images/aids- infographics/what-is-hiv-aids-2.jpg

19. HIV HIV invades and destroys lymphocytes called helper T-cells resulting in the reduction of their number and the progressive loss of the capacity to produce antibodies. The rate at which this occurs varies considerably and it can be slowed down by using anti- retroviral drugs.

20. AIDS In most HIV-positive patients antibody production eventually becomes so ineffective that a group of opportunistic infections strike. Several of these are normally so rare that they are “marker” diseases for the latter stages of HIV infection. When several infections affect someone due to HIV, the person is said to have acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

21. http://whichcountry.co/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/symptoms-of-AIDS.jpg http://www.dreddyclinic.com/images/aids.jpg

22. AIDS AIDS spreads by HIV infection. The virus only survives outside the body for a short time. Infection normally only occurs if there is a blood to blood contact between infected and uninfected people.

23. Ways in which an infection of HIV can occur include: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/- m3VGVfwyq9M/T45OZ7bmuwI/AAAAAAAAAu4/Bf4Yri19J SI/s1600/how-is-hiv-aids-transmitted-4.gif

24. Social implications: Sufferers are stigmatized in terms of employment, insurance, education access, social acceptance and others families lose members Those that die are both parents and workers Grandparents may be left to look after orphaned children Economic productivity is lost The costs of treating the disease are high and may overburden health services In countries where infection rates are high, there may be an undermining of social cohesion. http://archive.thedailystar.net/photo/2010/12/01/2010-12- 01__pcp02.jpg

25. Sources: Allot, A., & Mindorff, D. (2010). IB Biology Course Companion. New York: Oxford University Press. Allot, A., & Mindorff, D. (s.f.). IB Biology Course Companion 1st ed. Obtenido de Actual Book Pages: http://aura.edu.in/read/IB/BIOLOGY_COURSE_C OMPANION_(OXFORD)/original/Page-226.html Damon, A., McGonegal, R., Tosto, P., & Ward, W. (2007). Biology Higher Level. London: Pearson Baccalaureate.