1. Protein Synthesis

2.  Identify the structure and function of DNA, RNA, and proteins.  Recognize diagrams of DNA and RNA, sugars, phosphate groups, nitrogenous bases.  Understand Complimentary base pairing.  How DNA is replicated

3.  Stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid  Type of Nucleic Acid  What chromosomes and genes are made of.  Made of repeating nucleotide sub-units.

5.  2 types of Nitrogen Bases  Purines  Double ring  G & A  Pyrimidines  Single ring  C & U & T

6.  Erwin Chargaff discovered the base pairing rules and ratios for different species.  Adenine pairs with Thymine  Cytosine pairs with Guanine

7.  Complementary: bases on one strand match up with the bases on the other strand (A-T and G-C)  Example: Strand 1- ATG GGC  Strand 2-  Codon: Group of 3 bases

8.  History  Rosalind Franklin took first picture of DNA using a X-ray machine.

9.  The Nobel Prize in Medicine 1962  James Watson & Francis Crick interpreted the photo and discovered the double helix structure.

10.  Genes: Stretch of DNA that codes for a trait.  The code is the order of the bases (letters).  Genes are hundreds or thousands of bases long.   The genetic code is a sequence of DNA nucleotides in the nucleus of cells.

11.  During S stage in interphase, DNA replicates itself.  DNA replication is a semi-conservative process.

12.  Semi-conservative means each new piece of DNA is made up of 1 old strand and 1 new strand.   You end up with 2 identical strands of DNA.

13.  A copy of DNA that goes out into the cytoplasm to tell the cell what to do in order to stay alive  RNA= Ribonucleic Acid  You can always make more RNA, but no more DNA.

14.  Single strand instead of double strand   Ribose instead of deoxyribose   Uracil instead of thymine

15.  Definition: RNA is made from 1 gene in DNA  The type of RNA made is called mRNA (messenger RNA) because it sends a message from DNA to the cytoplasm

16.  Transcription  Unzip one gene in DNA  Match up bases to one side of gene in DNA  mRNA detaches from the DNA  mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm   DNA: GAG AAC TAG TAC ACC TAT CGG GGG CAT  RNA:

17.  mRNA is a message that codes for a protein  Proteins are made in the cytoplasm and then work to keep the cell alive

18.  Proteins are made up of amino acids (small building blocks)  There are 20 different types of amino acids

19.  What causes mutations?  A change in the DNA sequence  A mistake that’s made during replication or transcription  Can be harmful: diseases or deformities  Helpful: organism is better able to survive  Neutral: organism is unaffected  If a mutation occurs in a sperm or egg cell, that mutation is passed on to offspring  If a mutation occurs in a body cell, that mutation affects on the organism and is not passed onto offspring.

20.  Point Mutations or Substitutions: bases are mismatched  Harmful when: a mistake in DNA is carried into mRNA and results in the wrong amino acid.  Not harmful when: a mistake in DNA is carried out into mRNA but still results in the correct amino acid.

21.  Example: Sickle Cell Anemia  Types of mutations  Frame Shift Mutations: bases are inserted or deleted.  Are usually harmful because a mistake in DNA is carried into mRNA and results in many wrong amino acids.  Ex.: Crohn’s disease

22.  Chromosomal mutations:  Chromosomes break or are lost during mitosis or meiosis.  Broken chromosomes may rejoin incorrectly  Almost always lethal when it occurs in a zygote.  Ex.: hemophilia,a bleeding disorder

23.  Mutagens: anything that causes a change in DNA  Examples: x-rays, UV light, nuclear radiation, asbestos, cigarette smoke

24.  A complex system of enzymes, active in the G 2 stage of interphase, serves as a back up to repair damaged DNA before it is dispersed into new cells during mitosis.

25.  The Human Genome Project is a collaborative effort of scientists around the world to map the entire gene sequence of organisms.   This information will be useful in detection, prevention, and treatment of many genetic diseases.

26.  DNA technologies allow scientists to identify, study, and modify genes.   Forensic identification is an example of the application of DNA technology.

27.  Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development.  Possible cures for:  diabetes  cardiovascular disease  cystic fibrosis  Alzheimer's  Parkinson’s  and many other diseases is possible.

28.  The human manipulation of the genetic material of a cell.  Recombinant DNA- Genetically engineered DNA prepared by splicing genes from one species into the cells of a different species. Such DNA becomes part of the host's genetic makeup and is replicated.

29.  Genetic engineering techniques are used in a variety of industries, in agriculture, in basic research, and in medicine.

30.  There is great potential for the development of useful products through genetic engineering  EX., human growth hormone, insulin, and pest- and disease-resistant fruits and vegetables

31.  We can now grow new body parts and soon donating blood will be a thing of the past, but will we go too far?