1. DNA and Genes

2. The Structure of DNA DNA is a type of nucleic acid DNA is made of subunits called nucleotides Strand of DNA looks like a 3D-double helix shape Nucleotides have 3 parts (will draw this on next slide) –1.Sugar 5 C sugar called deoxyribose –2.Phosphate group –3.Nitrogen Base (4 different types) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

6. Base pairing rules 1 molecule of human DNA contains billions of nucleotides Adenine=Thymine Guanine=Cytosine These are known as Chargaff’s rules

8. The DNA Song (to the tune of Row, Row, Row your Boat) We love DNA Made of nucleotides. Sugar, phosphate, and a base, Bonded down one side. Adenine and thymine Make a lovely pair, Cytosine without guanine Would feel very bare. (author unknown)

9. The Double Helix Watson and Crick 2 strands of DNA wind around each other– twisted – like a twisted ladder They fit together using base pairs and have a sugar-phospate backbone What if one strand is ACACAC, what would the other strand be? +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

10. summary The DNA molecule is a long chain of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose, and one of the four different nitrogen bases. Stop**********************************

11. QSR #3 1. What are the 3 parts of a nucleotide?___________, _____________, _______________. 2. a. DNA is in a ____ ____ shape. b. _______ & _______ discovered this shape. 3. What are the base pairing rules for nucleotides? 4. If one strand of DNA is ACGTAGCTAG, the complementary strand = _________________.

12. Replication of DNA Process by which DNA is copied within the NUCLEUS….during which phase? __________ Single strand serves as a “template” or pattern for next strand Can occur over and over again

13. Steps of Replication (S-Phase) –1. Helicase (an enzyme) unzips the helix into separate strands –2. Forms a “bubble” where it’s replicating –3. Another enzyme, DNA Polymerase, pairs free nucleotides to the template –4. Now have two identical strands of DNA that are ready to start cell division (mitosis)…each with an old strand of DNA & a new strand of DNA

15. Replication of DNA DNA Polymerase: –Allows for “proofreading”– if a wrong nucleotide gets added, DNA polymerase removes it and adds the correct one

17. Summary In DNA replication, enzymes work to unwind and separate the double helix and add complementary bases to the exposed strands. Each new double helix is composed of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand.

22. QSR #4 1. a. When would a DNA molecule need to replicate itself? ____________________ b. and in what stage does this occur?________________________ 2. What would you call a molecule with a RIBOSE sugar and THREE phosphate groups?_____ 3. If a DNA molecule is 40% cytosine, what % is thymine?_________ 4. Define replication.____________________________ _____________________________________________ 5. DNA _________ adds free nucleotides to the parental strand of DNA, then “___________” to make sure its done correctly.

23. QSR #5 1. Fill in the blanks of the following paragraph: –Steps of replication: The _________ enzyme unzips the double stranded ______. A __________ forms where this occurs. DNA______________, another enzyme, adds the correct _____________ to both of the unwinded strands. It also acts as a _______________...it corrects incorrect nucleotides. There are now ____ strands of exact copies of ______.

24. “Central Dogma” of Molecular Biology States that information flows from DNA, to RNA, then to proteins being made.

25. RNA Like DNA, RNA is made of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, and base) It is a “temporary copy” of DNA that is used, then destroyed Single-stranded – RIBONUCLEIC ACID Why is RNA needed?_____________________

26. Transcription A process that uses “some” DNA to make a complimentary single strand of RNA

27. 3 Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) –The message in DNA is rewritten in this form INSIDE THE NUCLEUS and taken to the ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) –Transfers amino acids within a ribosome to make proteins. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) –The ribosomes that actually make the protein –(ribosomes are made or RNA and PROTEIN)

28. Transcription Steps: ****Same steps as replication to make RNA: –1. RNA polymerase unzips the DNA –2. use template to make a complementary base-pair –3. RNA polymerase “Proofreads” RNA base pairs –4. this new single strand of mRNA detaches from the DNA, and the DNA “zips”back up –5. FINAL STEP: RNA strand ( called mRNA) can now leave the nucleus and be “translated” into a protein

29. DNA is the blueprint for Proteins

30. Transcription DNA is found in the nucleus, but is too big to leave the nucleus –BUT….DNA has the instructions to make proteins –AND, protein synthesis takes place at the ribosome— (cytoplasm/Rough ER) How does the information get from nucleus to ribosome?---mRNA +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

31. QSR #6 1. The _____ ______ of molecular biology states that info flows from DNA, to RNA, to proteins. 2. Ribonucleic acid is also called ____ for short. 3. _______ is the process of copying a strand of DNA to make a mRNA. 4. Very important enzymes involved in DNA/RNA synthesis are __________(s). 5. What’s the point for making RNA?_______________________ 6. How do DNA instructions get from the nucleus to the ribosome? ___________

32. The difference (between DNA & RNA) *****1. U replaces T in RNA…”Uracil” binds now with adenine… 2. Also the sugar in RNA is ribose, not deoxyribose 3. Remember that RNA is only a SINGLE STRAND!!! 4. RNA IS ONLY TEMPORARY!!!! – If a DNA segment = AGCCTAA, what would be the mRNA molecule?__________________

33. Review before notes: 1.True or false…DNA can leave the nucleus, taking its genetic info with it in order to make some proteins. 2. Why does a cell make lots of RNA but only one copy of DNA? 3. What would be the complimentary strand of RNA if the DNA sequence is ACCTTTGAAA? 4. What happens to the DNA molecule once it makes a strand of RNA?

34. Translation A lot of DNA is nonsense and codes for nothing – “junk DNA” or “INTRONS” “EXONS” are regions of DNA that do code for proteins Translation: the process of “translating” info from mRNA to make a protein. –This occurs on ribosomes!!! –Where does transcription take place? ____________

35. Practice Original DNA segment: ACCGTATTATTACGG Complimentary mRNA: ____________________ –What is this called?___________________________ Complimentary tRNA: _____________________ –What is this called? ___________________________ So how does tRNA compare to DNA? +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

36. Translation… Codon: 3 nucleotides make up a “word” Example: Serine (Amino Acid) have the codons UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG –1Start codon: AUG -- signal for start of translation –3 Stop codons: UGA, UAA, UAG -- signal for stop/end of amino acid chain (look at handout)

37. Use your worksheet… What Amino Acid is coded by GGA? UGG? ACU? Amino acids are then linked together to become a ___________, which then is used to build the entire organism ****20 amino acids make up a protein**** +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

38. Genetic Changes Mutation –Any change in the DNA sequence that also changes the protein it codes for ***Mutations in reproductive cells WILL be passed to offspring ***Mutations in body cells could cause problems for the individual but WILL NOT be passed to offspring

39. Point Mutations A change in a single base pair in DNA THE DOG BIT THE CAR THE DOG BIT THE CAT –GGC CHANGES TO AGC –GLY CHANGES TO SER CAN EFFECT THE ENTIRE FUNCTION OF THE PROTEIN –****Least harmful of the mutations****

40. Frameshift Mutations A mutation in which a single base is added or deleted THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOB ITT HEC AT Every codon after the addition or deletion is effected

45. Causes of Mutations 1. Mutagens—agents in the environment that can change DNA…ex: UV from sun –Any agent that can cause cancer 2. Radiation –X-rays –Cosmic ray –UV rays

46. Causes of Mutations 3. Chemicals –Asbestos –Cyanide –formaldehyde 4. High temperatures

47. Repairing DNA Enzymes proofread DNA and replace incorrect nucleotides with correct nucleotides –DNA polymerase –RNA polymerase

48. Study Guide Structure of DNA 1.nucleotides 2.Base pairing rules 3.Double helix Replication Transcription translation Mutations ***know all your notes and QSR!!!