1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

2. What do you already know?
What does the word “synthesis” mean?
What is the building block of protein?
Where in the cell are proteins made?
What is the function of proteins?
What 3 letters do all sugars end with?

3. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA is transcribed into RNA which is translated into protein.
DNA (Gene)
RNA
Protein
Transcription
Translation
Translation
RNA
Transcription
Protein

4. Picture of Dogma
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

5. Structure of RNA Ribose Sugar Phosphate group Nitrogenous bases-
AU (not T)
C G
Forms a nucleotide
(just like DNA)

6. Post-it Activity: 1. On your post-it notes write
2 things that only DNA has
2 things that only RNA has
1 thing in common
2. Place your post-it on the appropriate poster.
Post-it Activity:

7. RNA differs from DNA DNA has a sugar deoxyribose
1. RNA has a sugar ribose
DNA has a sugar deoxyribose
2. RNA contains uracil (U)
DNA has thymine (T)
3. RNA molecule is single-stranded
DNA is double-stranded

8. Remember the Central Dogma

9. 3 Main Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – carries the message from DNA (in the nucleus) to the ribosomes.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis. Here amino acids are linked together to form a protein.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.
Mr. T

10. Transcription – Basics
Process that makes mRNA (messenger RNA) from a gene (DNA)
mRNA carries the genetic codes from the nucleus to the ribosomes
Occurs in the nucleus

11. Transcription – DNA  mRNA
DNA unzips into 2 separate strands
2. Enzymes pair up nucleotides according to RNA base pairing rules:
Cytosine(C) pairs with Guanine(G)
Uracil(U) pairs with Adenine(A)
3. A single strand of RNA has been produced.
4. Genetic code from DNA is transferred to mRNA

12. DNA- TAC CGG ATA CCG CAT GCG RNA- AUG GCC UAU GGC GUA CGC
So, after transcription, what is the complementary mRNA strand from the following strand of DNA?
DNA – AGG CTT GGC CAA GCT
RNA –UCC GAA CCG GUU CGA
DNA- TAC CGG ATA CCG CAT GCG
RNA- AUG GCC UAU GGC GUA CGC

13. Brain Break
Find classmates that will help you complete the sequence of protein synthesis.
Once you have all the pieces (5 total), working with your group organize the picture/words into the correct order.
Have a teacher check your work then copy your sequence into your notes

15. Translation – mRNA  protein
Process where mRNA is used to make proteins.
Occurs at the ribosomes
Ribsomes are made of rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

16. Translation – mRNA  protein
1. The mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribosomes.
2. The ribosome attaches to mRNA
The mRNA is read by ribosomes 3 nucleotides (codon) at a time
4. As the codons are read, tRNA (transfer RNA) brings the appropriate amino acids and they are assembled in a long chain called a protein

17. Protein Synthesis Simulation

18. Flow Map Organize the pieces into the correct order
Have a teacher check your answer
Copy the correct sequence into your notes.

20. The Genetic Code 3 RNA nucleotides code for 1 amino acid.
The strand AAACGUUCGCCC would be separated as AAA-CGU-UCG-CCC
How do we figure out the amino acids?
-we use the codon chart
Lysine – Arginine – Serine – Proline

21. Genetic Codes

22. Universal Genetic Code
DNA
mRNA codon
tRNA anticodon
Amino Acid G T U A C C A G U
Histodine A T G A U G
Tyrosine G C A C G U
Arginine

23. Protein Synthesis
Amino acid
protein
tRNA
Ribosome
rRNA
mRNA

24. Protein Synthesis DNA → RNA → Proteins Translation Transcription F E C
Amino acids
tRNA F E
mRNA C D G
Ribosome
rRNA
Protein A B I
DNA making mRNA
DNA
Translation H
DNA → RNA → Proteins
Transcription

25. Quick Review
1. How many nucleotides are needed to code for one amino acid? 1 3 4 6

26. Quick Review
2. Uracil is found in…..
DNA
RNA
Ribosomes
Double Helix

27. Quick Review 3. What is one role of transfer RNA in the cell?
preparing the genes for messenger RNA
changing nitrogen bases into amino acids
preparing messenger RNA for the ribosomes
carrying amino acids to the ribosomes

28. Quick Review
4. The genetic information for making a protein must move from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Which of these moves this information to the cytoplasm?
a ribosome
DNA
RNA
an amino acid

29. Quick Review
5. Which of these statements best explains how genes and proteins are related?
Genes are segments of DNA that code for proteins.
Proteins are segments of DNA that code for genes.
Genes are the building blocks of proteins.
Proteins are the building blocks of genes.