1. Section 2 From DNA to Protein
Chapter 11 DNA and Genes
Section 2
From DNA to Protein

2. Genes and Proteins
The sequence of nucleotides in DNA are a code for building proteins.
Proteins are important because they
make up some structures in organisms.
make up enzymes that all chemical reactions in organisms

3. RNA RNA is an nucleic acid that helps the cell build proteins.

4. RNA Structure RNA is made up of a single strand of nucleotides.
RNA nucleotides differ from DNA nucleotides in 2 ways
Ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar
Uracil instead of thymine

5. Difference Between DNA and RNA
Deoxyribose sugar
Thymine
RNA
Ribose sugar
Uracil

6. Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (m-RNA) Ribosomal RNA (r-RNA)
Transfer RNA (t-RNA)

7. Messenger RNA
Copies DNA’s instructions for making proteins and brings those instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

8. Ribosomal RNA
Makes up the ribosome. The ribosome binds to mRNA and uses the instructions to hook together amino acids into long chains that will become proteins.

9. Transfer RNA Brings amino acids to the ribosomes.
ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/.../chpt15/chpt15.htm

10. Transcription
Transcription is what happens when m-RNA makes a copy of DNA

11. Steps of Transcription
DNA molecule unzips.
RNA nucleotides form base pairs with DNA nucleotides. RNA nucleotides bond together to form an m-RNA molecule
m-RNA leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm.

12. Science at a Distance © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Professor John Blamire

13. The Genetic Code
When m-RNA enters the cytoplasm, it has instructions for how to build proteins. These instructions are written in a nitrogenous base language and must be translated into a language that proteins understand.

14. Genetic Code On m-RNA, a sequence of 3 nucleotides is called a codon.
Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.

15. http://www. biology. arizona. edu All contents copyright © 1996
All contents copyright © All rights reserved.

16. Translation
Translation is when the message in the nitrogenous base sequence of m-RNA is changed into an amino acid sequence in proteins.

17. Proteins
Proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids. The sequence of the amino acids determines the function of the protein.

18. Role of t-RNA
Each t- RNA can bond to a specific amino acid on one side of the t-RNA molecule.
The other side of the t-RNA molecule has 3 nitrogenous bases called anticodons.
Anticodons base pair with codons during translation

19. Steps of Translation
The codon AUG is a start codon. This codon is the first step in the building of proteins.
staff.jccc.net/.../translation/steps.html

20. Steps of Translation m-RNA attaches to ribosome
t-RNA brings an amino acid to the ribosome.
t-RNA anticodons form base pairs with m-RNA codons.
© 2006 The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System.

21. Steps of Translation
t-RNA anticodons form base pairs with m-RNA codons.
Amino acids form peptide bonds to one another and break away from t-RNA.

22. Translation
Amino acids will continue to bond together until a stop codon is encountered. At this point, the amino acid chain will enter the cytoplasm for further processing.
Brooklyn College City University of New York

23. encyclopedia.quickseek.com/images/MRNA-intera