1. GELISOLS
PERMAFROST SOIL

2. Gelisols must: 1. Permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface
2. Gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and permafrost within 200 cm of the soil surface.
3. Must be frozen for at least two years.

3. Characteristics
A dark organic layer with a mineral layer. These layers are usually mixed due to cyroturbation.
Slow decomposition.
Store large amounts of organic carbon.
They can form in any parent material.
There is no limitation in relief.
Takes a long lime to form.
Likely vegetation is lichens, mosses, and grasses.

4. Diagnostic horizons A typical diagnostic feature is permafrost.
Argillic.

5. United States Gelisols Coverage

6. Gelisol Suborders
cyroturbation- frost churning

7. Likely Gelisol Environments
Found in high altitude or polar environments.

9. Global coverage of Gelisols

10. Entisols Soils
Baby Soils

11. Entisols are soils of recent origin
Entisols are soils of recent origin. The central concept is soils developed in unconsolidated parent material with usually no genetic horizons except an A horizon. All soils that do not fit into one of the other 11 orders are Entisols. Thus, they are characterized by great diversity, both in environmental setting and land use. Many Entisols are found in steep, rocky settings. However, Entisols of large river valleys and associated shore deposits provide cropland and habitat for millions of people worldwide. Entisols are defined as soils that do not show any profile development other than an A horizon. An entisol has no diagnostic horizons, and most are basically unaltered from their parent material, which can be unconsolidated sediment or rock
Globally Entisols are the most extensive of the soil orders, occupying ~18% of the Earth's ice-free land area. In the US, Entisols occupy ~12.3% of the land area.

12. Reasons for Entisols
Unweatherable parent materials sandiron oxide, aluminum oxide, kaolinite clay.
Erosion - common on shoulder slopes; other kinds also important.
Deposition - continuous, repeated deposition of new parent materials by water, wind, colluvium, mudflows, other means.
Flooding or saturation.
Cold climate - must not be sufficiently cold in winter for permafrost.
Dry climate.
Shallow to bedrock - may be rock resistant to weathering, such as quartzite or ironstone.
Toxic parent materials – serpentine soils, mine spoils, sulfidic clays

15. Enttisols are Divided into 6 suborders
Wassents - are submerged for more than 21 hours every day
Aquents – have a water table at or near the surface for much of the year formed on river banks, tidal mudflats etc. Here, general wetness limits development
Arents - have been disturbed and contain fragments of diagnostic horizons that are not arranged in any discernible order diagnostic horizons cannot develop because of deep mixing through plowing, spading, or other methods of moving by humans.

16. Psamments - very sandy layers where development is precluded by the impossibility of weathering the sand. Formed from shifting or glacial sand dunes.
Orthents - common Entisols that don't meet criteria of other suborders Found on recent erosional surfaces or very old landforms completely devoid of weatherable minerals.

17. Distribution of Entisol Subgroups in the USA

18. Suborder Diagram

19. Udipsamment landscape northern Michigan This glacial outwash plain in northern Michigan is dominated by sandy soils. Mean annual precipitation is ~30" (760 mm). Low fertility is a severe limitation to use of these soils. Native vegetation consists of Jack Pine, white oak, and scrub oak. Where cleared, successful agricultural production requires lime and fertilizer inputs.

20. Typic Udipsamment This soil occurs in glacial outwash on outwash plains in northern Michigan. The B horizon has a slight accumulation of illuvial sesquioxides and thin coatings of illuvial organic matter, but not sufficient quantities to qualify as a Spodosol. The sand textures also prevent the Bw horizon from qualifying as a cambic diagnostic horizon in Soil Taxonomy..

21. Inceptisols

23. General Inceptum - Latin for 'beginning' Min. horizon development
aka 'Teenage' soils
Min. horizon development
Support 20% of world population

24. General Location Characteristics
Humid & subhumid climate
NOT arid
Fairly steep slopes
Young geomorphic features
Resistant parent materials
Low temp./ low precip.
Most develop under forests

28. Diagnostic Horizons Shallow solum Few horizons: AC, AR, ABC
Orchic or umbric horizon
Histic horizon where poorly drained
Some plaggen
Cambic subsurface horizon
No spodic, argillic, kandic, natric, or oxic horizon

29. Northern Michigan

30. West Virginia

31. Processes Slow weathering High erosion
Colluvium formation
Poorly drained areas= RMF's & high bases

32. Central Idaho

33. Central Idaho

34. Bibliography
Cooper, Terry. Unit 5, Chap. 3 The Soil Suborders of Minnesota.
Grunwald, Sabine. Soil & Water Science Department. Inceptisols.
tisolss.shtml
McDaniel, Paul. The Twelve Soil Orders. University of Idaho, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.
National Resources Conservation Services. Inceptisols.

35. Andrew Ruona & Nick Deutsch
Oxisols & Mollisols
Andrew Ruona & Nick Deutsch

36. Oxisols Oxisols (From French oxide, "oxide.")
Oxisols are highly weathered soils of tropical and subtropical regions. They are dominated by low activity minerals, such as quartz, kaolinite, and iron oxides. Tend to have indistinct horizons.
Kaolinite: Clay mineral

37. Oxisols
7.5% of the global ice-free land area. In the US, they only occupy .02% of the land area and are restricted to Hawaii

38. Oxisols Characteristics: - Soil formation * Weathering
* Humification
- Always Red, or yellowish due to
high concentration of Iron & Aluminum
Oxides.
Contain: 1:1 type clays, quartz,
Kaolin and other OM.
Kaolin: Clay mineral which is a part of the industrial minerals. Humifaction: addition of Humus

39. Diagnostic Horizon Ochric epipedon: - Wimpy A - Paler Chroma >3.5
Value >3.5
- Low OM
- Hard, massive when dry

40. Oxisol Oxic Horizon: - Tropical Horizons
- Highly weathered layer of only Fe and Al oxides and 1:1 clay minerals
- Low Ph (Acidic)
- Low fertility
Subsurface diagnostic horizon?

41. Processes
Hydrolysis, hydration, dissolution, oxidation, leaching, desilication, and acidification are very common in Oxisol soils.
This means that the soils contain few weatherable minerals, low pH, deep profiles and high levels of Al.

42. Oxisol Typical environments: - Tropical and subtropical regions
- Best known for occurrence in the tropical rain forest
- 15 to 25 degrees north and south of the Equator

43. Mollisols - Derived from Latin "mollis", soft
- Soils of grassland ecosystems
- Mollisols occur in the middle latitudes,
and are extensive prairie regions

44. Characteristics of Mollisols
Thick, Dark surface horizons
A horizon ~ cm
High in mineral concentrations
Formation due to:
Long-term additions of organic matter
Decomposition, Humification
Mollisols are very productive soils and used heavily for agriculture throughout the world (economically important)
Developed from calcareous parent material
Globally the occupy 7% of ice free land area
In US, Mollisols are the most extensive soil order, they cover about 21.5% of the land area

45. Global Distribution of Mollisols

46. Distribution of Mollisols in US

47. Mollisols in the Great State of Minnesota

48. Typical environments of Mollisols
Mollisols develop in Subhumid to Semiarid climates
degrees N and S
Large range in temperatures
10 inches of rain to 32 inches of rain
Winters very cold, Summer are warm to hot

49. Diagnostic Horizon Nearly all Mollisols have a Mollic Epipedon
Soft
Thick (>18 cm)
Dark (Chroma <3.5)
> 1% Organic Material
Grasslands
Strong Structure
50% Base Saturation
May also have Argillic, Natric, or Calcic horizons

50. More pictures

51. Alfisols & Ultisols

52. Characteristics
Alfisols Ultisols Fertile forest soils Ochric and argillic - low Ochric and Argillic base saturation <35% Saturation >35% 8.5% of world land 7% of the world 0% MN cover 27% MN cover 9.2% US land cover 14% US land cover

53. Characteristics Alfisols Ultisols
-Moderately leached soils that have strongly leached, acid forest soils
Relatively high native fertility with relatively low native fertility
-Mainly formed under forest and have found in humid temperate and
Subsurface horizon in which clays tropical areas
Have accumulated much Ca, Mg, and K has been
-Found in temperate, humid and leached from soil
Subhumid regions % global ice free land cover
-10.1% global ice free land cover forest soils of warm regions
-Hardwood forests

54. Suborders Alfisols Ultisols
Alf= from pedalfer (1938) Ult= Last “latin orgin”
Aqualfs= water Aquults= water
Cryalfs= cold Humults= humis
Ustalfs= semi arid/humid Udults= humid
Xeralfs= dry summer moist Ustults= semi arid/humid
Winter Xerults= dry summer moist
Udalfs= Humid winter

55. Suborders
Alfisols
Ultisols

56. Global distributions Dominant in Ohio river basin, southern/
Western Europe, Baltic region, drier
Parts of peninsular India, Sudan, and
Much of south America
Dominant in south eastern United States, South America, and China.

57. Latitudinal soil distribution

58. US distribution
Alfisols distribution
Ultisols distribution

59. Minnesota soils
No Ultisols present in Minnesota to date

60. Soil Horizons

61. Formation processes Alfisols Ultisols
Include O, A, E, B include A, E, Bt
Mineral soil Mineral soil
Older than Alfisols

62. Alfisol

63. Ultisol

64. Andisols Formed in Volcanic Ash High content of volcanic glass
Soils with more than 60% volcanic material
Dominated by short-range-order minerals
Relatively young soil

65. Low Bulk Density
Moderately rapid permeability
Very high Nutrient-holding and water-holding capacity
High Phosphorus fixation
Usually very fertile (except in cases where Phosphorus is easily fixed, making it unavailable to plants – Tropics)

66. Exist in all climatic regions, especially cool areas with high precipitation
Soil distribution roughly follows the geographic distribution of Volcanoes
Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’
Rift Valley (Africa)
Volcanic regions of Mediterranean countries
Hawaii

67. Globally, andisols are the least extensive soil order
Account for less than 1% of ice-free land area on Earth

68. Occupy about 1.7% of land area in the U.S.
None in MN
Mostly in the Pacific NW, where andisols supports very productive forests

69. Can occupy any position on the landscape, and can occur at any elevation
Usually have a dark A- horizon

70. Sources http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/andis ols.htm
ching/eSoilScience/andisols.shtml
/orders/andisols.html

71. Vertisols

72. Definition
Vertisols (verto, “to turn”) are clay-rich soils that shrink and swell with changes in moisture content.
Soil volume shrinks with decreasing moisture and expands with increasing moisture.
Shrink/swell causes engineering problems and generally leads to indistinct horizons.

73. Global Distribution

74. Vertisols occupy 2% of the U.S.

75. Suborders
Aquerts: Vertisols with a water table at or near the surface for much of the year
Cryerts: Vertisols of cold climates
Xererts: Temperate vertisols with very dry summers and moist winters.
Torrerts: Vertisols of dry climates.
Usterts: Vertisols of semiarid and subhumid climates.
Uderts: Vertisols of humid climates.

76. Suborder Distribution

77. Horizons Very deep A horizon Rarely B (due to mixing), usually A/C
Often an Ap layer.
The B horizon will also often have a Bss layer

78. Ap- Bss- 2C-

80. SPODOSOLS spodos: ash
Cool, humid, needeleaf forests or sand in humid climates
acidic
low in nutrients
albic and spodic horizons

81. Podzolization process
Cool, moist climate
low temps inhibit decomposition
needle litter : slightly acidic, slow to decompose
acidic soil solution (lots of leaching) removes base cations
ALBIC surface horizon which is ash- colored; coarse; all but Si has been removed
these materials accumulate in the SPODIC HORIZON

83. SPODOSOL = ALBIC + SPODIC

89. Humic cryorthod (albic at 10 cm)

92. Kalkaska, Michigan State Soil

93. ARIDISOLS aridos: dry
not enough moisture to carry soluble materials out of profile
layers of accumulated calcium carbonate or gypsum or soluble salts or sodium
can be fertile if managed

96. ARIDISOLS = OCHRIC + CAMBIC, ARGILLIC, SALIC, GYPSIC, NATRIC, CALCIC

100. Casa Grande, Arizona State Soil

108. The End