1. WORLD WAR II 1939-1945

2. Axis Powers and Leaders

3. Germany Adolph Hitler Leader of Nazi political party Blamed Jews for all of Germany’s economic problems

4. Italy Benito Mussolini Promised a new Roman Empire

5. Japan Emperor Hirohito Wanted full political and economic control of Pacific Believed in militarism and military run society

6. Japan Prime Minister Hideki Tojo –Responsible for all military operations during the war

7. Allied Leaders

8. Great Britain Winston Churchill Great orator and leader who kept British citizens from giving up

9. France Charles De Gaulle Led opposition against Germany after they took over France

10. Soviet Union (Russia) Joseph Stalin Great Purge – killed all people who opposed his rule or spoke against Soviet Union

11. Soviet Union (Russia) Did not join allies until Hitler double crossed him

12. CAUSES OF WWII

13. Axis Aggression Axis Powers wanted to gain economic and political control of the World Japan invaded Manchuria and China to force US to recognize their dominance

14. Axis Aggression US refused to recognize Japan and placed embargos of oil and steel Germany wanted to gain all lands lost after the WWI in the treaty of Versailles

15. Axis Aggression Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 to show its dominance

16. Appeasement Policy of giving into political pressure to avoid war Allowed Germany to recapture some lands & rebuild their military

17. War Breaks out in Europe

18. Munich Pact Hitler and Stalin sign a non- aggression pact agreeing not to attack each other

19. September 1, 1939 Germany and Soviet Union invade Poland after being warned not to invade by France and Great Britain Official start of World War II

20. US Isolationism US did not want to be involved in another European War US was still going through the Great Depression

21. Lend-Lease Act US gave military supplies to Great Britain in exchange for islands in the Caribbean FDR compared it to “lending a garden hose to a next-door neighbor whose house is on fire”.

22. Lend-Lease Act US used the war to end the Great Depression

23. World War II Battles and Strategies

24. Axis War Strategy

25. Strategies - Europe BlitzkriegBlitzkrieg – fast, lightning attacks on your enemy before they can recover Invade and conquer France Use German Air Force to bomb Great Britain until they surrender

26. Strategies - Europe Destroy Munich Pact and quickly defeat Soviet Union Take complete control of Europe before US got involved in the war

27. Strategies - Pacific Japan wanted full military and economic control of Pacific Felt US needed to recognize their power in Pacific

28. Strategies - Pacific Attack US Pacific Ocean military base and then invade Australia and Hawaii They thought US would rather respect them than fight a long, costly war

29. Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941 Japan attacked the US military base in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Destroyed US Pacific fleet of warships

35. Pearl Harbor Dec 8 – US declared war on Japan Dec 10 – Germany and Italy declared war on US US now fully involved in World War II

36. Allied Strategy

37. Strategy - Europe Defeat Hitler first Most US resources were sent to Europe and Africa to fight Germany and Italy Attack Hitler from all directions and push back toward Germany

38. Battles – Europe and Africa

39. Battle of Britain (Aug 1940) British cities were relentlessly bombed by German Air force Churchill refused to allow British citizens to give up

40. El Alamein (Nov 1942) German forces threatening to seize Egypt and the Suez Canal were defeated by the British. Importance –Prevented Hitler from gaining access to Middle Eastern oil and attacking the Soviet Union from the south. –Allies got access to Germany from the South

44. Stalingrad (Sept 1942) Hundreds of thousands of German soldiers were killed or captured in the Russian city of Stalingrad. Importance –This defeat prevented Germany from seizing the Soviet oil fields –Allies got access to Germany from East

49. Normandy (D-Day) June 6, 1944 Allied troops under Gen. Dwight Eisenhower landed in German-occupied France Importance –D–Despite intense German opposition and heavy American casualties, the Americans were able to liberate France. –A–Allies were able to attack Germany from the west

50. V-E Day (May 8, 1945) US and Russian forces closed in on Germany from all sides Adolph Hitler killed himself before he could be captured German forces surrendered, ending the war in Europe

51. World War II Battles and Strategies Pt 2

53. Strategy - Pacific Island Hopping –seizing islands closer and closer to Japan and using them as bases for air attacks on Japan –cutting off Japanese supplies through submarine warfare against Japanese shipping

54. Battles – Pacific Ocean

55. “Miracle of Midway” American naval forces defeated a much larger Japanese force as it prepared to seize Midway Island Importance –The American victory ended the Japanese threat to invade Hawaii.

56. Iwo Jima and Okinawa Islands were within a couple hundred miles of Japan Both invasions cost thousands of American lives and even more Japanese lives Heavy fighting by Japanese soldiers to protect these islands

57. Kamikaze Fighters Japanese soldiers who would commit suicide rather than surrender

58. Iwo Jima and Okinawa Importance –US could set up military air fields to easier bomb Japan –Made an invasion of Japan possible

59. Use of the atomic bomb US did not want to invade Japan because they did not want heavy casualties President Truman ordered the use of a new weapon called an atomic bomb

60. August 6, 1945 America dropped the atomic bomb on Japanese city, Hiroshima

61. August 9, 1945 America dropped atomic bomb on Nagasaki Over 250,000 people instantly killed in both cities Thousands more died from radiation

67. V-J Day September 2, 1945 Japan formally surrendered to the United States

68. Contributions of Minorities to Allies Minority units suffered high casualties and won numerous medals for bravery in action.

69. Tuskegee Airmen Squad of black air fighter pilots who served with distinction in Europe No pilots were shot down during war

70. Nisei Regiments Asian American groups who worked as spies and soldiers for United States

71. Codetalkers Navajo Indians who used their language to code US messages in Pacific Japanese could not decode intercepted US messages

72. Mexican Americans Fought for US in non-segregated military units Other minorities were segregated from white units

73. WWII – War Crimes

74. War Crimes During WWII, brutal crimes were committed against the innocent by all countries involved in war Millions of innocent people were killed by random bombing, genocide, and discrimination

75. Bataan Death March American POWs suffered brutal treatment by the Japanese after the surrender of the Philippines in 1942. Forced to march through jungle without food or water The treatment of POW’s in the Pacific war reflected the savagery of the fighting

78. Holocaust

79. Holocaust Genocide: The systematic and purposeful destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group Final solution: Hitler’s decision to exterminate all Jews Jews were rounded up and sent to concentration camps to be killed

80. Holocaust Holocaust victims: 11 million total –Jews (6 million) –Poles –Slavs –Gypsies –“Undesirables” (homosexuals, mentally ill, political dissidents)

85. Nuremburg Trials Nazi leaders and others were convicted of war crimes Emphasized individual responsibility for actions during a war, regardless of orders received Led to increased demand for a Jewish homeland

86. Japanese Internment Japanese Americans were sent to camps (prison) during the war

87. Reasons for Internment Strong anti-Japanese prejudice on the West Coast False belief that Japanese Americans were aiding the enemy

88. Internment Japanese sued gov’t for violating their civil rights Supreme Court Case of Korematsu vs United States ruled US did not violate Japanese civil rights

89. Internment A public apology was eventually issued by the U.S. government in 1980’s. Financial restitution was made to survivors

93. Geneva Convention Meeting in Switzerland to ensure the humane treatment of prisoners of war by establishing rules to be followed by all nations “The conduct of war often reflects social and moral codes of a nation “ Set up the rules of war for future wars

94. World War II On the Homefront

95. United States success in World War II required the total commitment of the nation’s resources. Public education and the mass media promoted nationalism

96. United States Resources

97. US Resources U.S. government and industry worked together to distribute resources Office of War Mobilization created to control resources

98. Economic Resources

99. Rationing maintained a steady supply of materials for war War bonds and income tax were used for financing the war

100. Economic Resources Business was retooled from peacetime to wartime production

101. Human Resources

102. More women and minorities entered the labor force Citizens volunteered in support of the war effort

103. Women Replaced men who went to serve in the military (e.g., Rosie the Riveter). They participated in non-combat military roles

107. African-Americans Double V Campaign –Victory in war and victory in equality at home –Demanded an end to segregation in military

109. Military Resources The draft/selective service was used to provide personnel for the military

110. Role of Media and Mass Communications

111. Role of the Media Media and communications assisted the gov’t in supporting the war U.S. government maintained strict censorship of reporting of the war –Censorship: blocking certain materials from being published

112. Role of the Media Hollywood produced movies, plays, and shows that boosted morale and patriotism Portrayed the enemy in stereotypical ways

118. Political, economic and social consequences of the war

119. Legacy Of WWII 1.Massive destruction and death 2.End of Allied cooperation and beginning of “Cold War” – political tensions

120. Legacy Of WWII 3.US and Soviet Unions are only superpower countries 4.Atomic fallout – all countries rushed to get atomic bomb

121. Legacy Of WWII 5.US troops permanently stationed around the world 6.US will maintain a standing army in peacetime

122. Legacy Of WWII 7.Germany (and Berlin) divided into 4 military zones each zone controlled by one of the 4 major Allied powers