1. AP Biology Review Session 3

2. INTERPHASE (cell growth and chromosome duplication)
(DNA synthesis) G1 G2
Cytokinesis
(division of
cytoplasm)
Mitosis
(division
of nucleus)
Genetically
Identical
“daughter
cells”
MITOTIC PHASE (M)

3. Mitosis and development
Haploid gametes (n = 23) n
Egg cell n
Sperm cell
Meiosis
Fertilization
Multicellular
diploid adults
(2n = 46)
Diploid
zygote
(2n = 46) 2n
Mitosis and development

6. You should now be able to
Identify the roles of cell division in living organisms
Distinguish between events in interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Describe the movements of chromosomes in prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase of mitosis 
Define the following terms: checkpoint, chiasma, chromosome, chromatid, centromere, crossing over, homologous chromosome pair, nondisjunction, and spindle
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

7. You should now be able to
Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis
Distinguish between terms in the following groups: haploid—diploid; sister chromatids—nonsister chromatids;deletion—duplication—inversion— translocation
Describe how genetic variability is generated through meiosis and fertilization
Identify factors that control cell division and describe how cancer cells escape these controls
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. inheritance when phenotype
Genes
located on
alternative
versions called
chromosomes
(a)
at specific
locations called
if both same,
genotype called
if different,
genotype called
(b)
(c)
heterozygous
expressed
allele called
unexpressed
allele called
(d)
(e)
inheritance when phenotype
In between called
(f)

9. You should now be able to
Explain and apply Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment 
Distinguish between terms in the following groups: allele—gene; dominant—recessive; genotype— phenotype;  F1—F2; heterozygous—homozygous; incomplete dominance—codominance
Explain the meaning of the terms locus, multiple alleles, pedigree, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance
Describe the difference in inheritance patterns for linked genes and explain how recombination can be used to estimate gene distances
Describe how sex is inherited in humans and identify the pattern of inheritance observed for sex-linked genes 
Solve genetics problems involving monohybrid and dihybrid crosses for autosomal and sex-linked traits, with variations on Mendel’s laws
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Sugar-
phosphate
backbone
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate
group
Sugar
Nucleotide
DNA
RNA C G A T C G A U
Nitrogenous
base
Deoxy-
ribose
Sugar
Ribose
DNA
Polynucleotide

11. Growing polypeptide
Amino acid
Large
ribosomal
subunit
tRNA
Anticodon
mRNA
Small
ribosomal
subunit
Codons

12. use amino-acid-bearing
is a polymer
made from
monomers called
DNA
(a)
is performed by
enzyme called
(b)
(c)
(d)
comes
in three
kinds called
RNA
(e)
(f)
molecules are
components of
use amino-acid-bearing
molecules called
(g)
is performed by
organelles called
(h)
one or more polymers
made from
monomers called
Protein
(i)

13. You should now be able to
Compare and contrast the structures of DNA and RNA
Describe how DNA replicates
Explain how a protein is produced
Distinguish between the functions of mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA in translation
Determine DNA, RNA, and protein sequences when given any complementary sequence
Distinguish between exons and introns and describe the steps in RNA processing that lead to a mature mRNA
Explain the relationship between DNA genotype and the action of proteins in influencing phenotype
Distinguish between the effects of base substitution and insertion or deletion mutations
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. You should now be able to
Distinguish between lytic and lysogenic viral reproductive cycles and describe how RNA viruses are duplicated within a host cell
Explain how an emerging virus can become a threat to human health
Identify three methods of transfer for bacterial genes
Distinguish between viroids and prions
Describe the effects of transferring plasmids from donor to recipient cells
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Genes are carried on ______.
a. centrosomes
b. chiasma
c. nuclei
d. chromosomes

16. Which of the following events occurs during prophase?
a. chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell
b. nucleoli reappear
c. the mitotic spindle begins to form
d. cytokinesis

17. Homologous chromosomes _________.
a. carry the same gene sequence
b. are a set of chromosomes that a cell receives from one parent
c. do not include the sex chromosomes
d. are formed when the chromosomes separated during anaphase

18. A duplicated chromosome consists of two sister _________.
a. centromeres
b. centrosomes
c. chromatids
d. chromatins

19. Which of the following events occurs during telophase?
a. chromosomes align on the midline of the cell
b. the cleavage furrow forms
c. tetrads form
d. centromeres divide

20. When is amniocentesis usually performed?
a. during the third trimester
b. between week 14 and week 20 of pregnancy
c. prior to the fourth week of pregnancy
d. after the birth of the child

21. Who is a monk known for his work on inheritance using garden peas?
a. Charles Darwin
b. E.O. Wilson
c. Gregor Mendel
d. Theodor Schleiden

22. An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis _______.
a. is a carrier of cystic fibrosis
b. cannot reproduce
c. has cystic fibrosis
d. cannot have children with cystic fibrosis

23. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples?
a. DD
b. dd
c. Dd
d. dimples

24. What is the name given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome?
a. phenotype
b. locus
c. site
d. allele

25. DNA and RNA are polymers of _______ monomers.
a. carbohydrate
b. nucleotide
c. nucleic acid
d. amino acid

26. What type of bond joins the bases of complimentary DNA strands?
a. ionic
b. covalent
c. hydrophobic
d. hydrogen

27. Which enzyme is responsible for RNA synthesis?
a. RNA polymerase
b. RNA ligase
c. Rnase
d. RNA gyrase

28. Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called a ____________.
a. double helix
b. intron
c. prophase
d. mutation

29. If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA helix, what percent of the bases is guanine?